Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is clean air
Air that has no harmful chemicals or pollution
What can pollution cause
Pollution can cause humans to become sick
What would you have to do to figure out if the air in Jacksonville is polluted
- figure out the chemical percentages and if they are outside of normal
- in order to define normal you have to define a standard of air - is not normal unhealthy? Just because it isn’t normal does not mean it is unhealthy for humans
How to find the composition of air
You have to test and measure the levels, you can’t just see or guess the airs chemical levels
- 1) separate - figure our the components of air
- 2) measure - find the numbers of all of the chemicals in air
% = part per hundred
Ppm = part per million
Ppm = part per billion
% = part per hundred
1% = 1 atom/100 atoms = 1 molecules/100 molecules
Ppm = part per million
1ppm = 1 molecule/10^6 molecules
Ppm = part per billion
1ppb = 1 molecule/10^9 molecules
Parts per hundred (percent)
Atmosphere is 21% oxygen = 21 oxygen molecules per 100 molecules of air
Parts per million (ppm)
Midday ozone levels reach about 0.4 ppm = 0.4 ozone molecules/ 1 = 10^6 molecules of air
Parts per billion (ppb)
Sulfur dioxide in the air should not exceed 30 ppb = 30 sulfur dioxide molecules/ 1 x 10^9 molecules of air
21% means?
Means 21 parts per hundred
Means 210 parts per thousand
Means 2,100 parts per ten thousand
Means 21,000 parts per hundred thousand
Means 210,000 parts per million
To convert percent to ppm, what should you do?
Multiply by 10,000 this is the same as moving the decimal place 4 places to the right
1% = 10,000 ppm
To convert ppm to % what should you do?
Multiply by 0.0001 this is the same as moving the decimal point 4 places to the left
1 ppm = 0.0001%
EPA’s air quality index
0-50 = good (green)
51-100 = moderate (yellow)
101-150 = unhealthy for sensitive groups (orange)
151-200 = unhealthy (red)
201-300 = very unhealthy (purple)
301-500 = hazardous (maroon)
The air quality index takes into account what?
CO, NOx, ozone, SOx, lead, and particulates
Toxicity
Exposure
Toxicity - intrinsic health hazard of a substance (what is the hazard and how big is the risk)
Exposure - the amount of the substance encountered (how long; second hand living with a smoker)
How to name binary ionic compounds
1) names the more metallic element first
2) name the less metallic element which is modified with the suffix “ide”
Trophosphere
The lowest region of the atmosphere in which we live that lies directly above the surface of earth.
Combustion
The chemical process of burning; the rapid reaction of fuel with oxygen to release energy in the form of heat and light
Volatile organic compounds
- carbon containing compounds that you can smell in naturally occurring VOCs in a spruce or pine fores
prefixes are used to designate the number of each type of element: list the first ten
1 - mono
2 - di
3 - tri
4 - tetra
5 - penta
6 - hexa
7 - hepta
8 - octa
9 - nona
10 - deca
chemical reactions are?
characterized by the rearrangement of atoms when reactants are transformed into products
- the number of atoms on each side of the arrow must be equal according to the Law of Conservation of Mass
If it has what it is ionic
if it has the word ide in it then it is ionic
- ones with a metal and a nonmetal are ionic
- Potassium bromide
- beryllium oxide
- zinc sulfide
- sodium chloride
how to tell if it is molecular
a molecular compound has a nonmetal and either another nonmetal or a semi nonmetal
- Glucose is a molecular compound because it is composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, which are all non metals
steps to balancing chemical reactions
1) if an element is present in just one compound on each side, balance it first
2) then balance everything that exists as a free element last
3) balance polyatomic ions as a unit (an example would be hydroxide OH or OH2
4) make sure to check both sides when done, make sure both sides have the same number and type of atoms, and the same total charge on both sides
if there is a prefix what does it means
a prefix like mono of tetra means it is a molecular compound
if there is “ide” what does it me
anything with “ide” in it is typically a ionic compound
steel is what?
steel is not a compound but simply a mixture
Chemical reactions are characterized by what
- the rearrangement of atoms when reactants are transformed into products
The number of atoms on each side however must be equal
O3 is not directly emitted but rather?
It is a secondary pollutant ad is produced from other pollutants
