Chapter 13

Question 1

Deoxynucleic acid is ———

Answer 1

A chain polymer of nucleotides

Question 2

Each nucleotide is?

Answer 2

Made of a sugar (ribose), a phosphate, and a base
A, G, C, T

Question 3

Bases are?

Answer 3

Attached by covalent bonds, each one is a bond and can form H-bonds
- each base in DNA is connected by the 3’ to the oxygen on the left of the phosphate group.
(Phosphoester, phosphodiester)

Question 4

Bases in DNA are attached by?

Answer 4

Attached together by bonds and are surrounded by the sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 5

Pitch

Answer 5

The distance along the axis that one turn makes

Question 6

One DNA strand has?

Answer 6

A polarity and a sequence
- typically either 5’ to 3’ or 3’ to 5’

Question 7

Pitch =
1 base pair/turn =

Answer 7

Pitch = 34A
1 base pair/turn = 10

Question 8

A DNA polymer contains?

Answer 8

1) sugar phosphate
2) a series (sequence of base)
The sequence of bases determines the identity of the DNA strand

Question 9

What is DNAs bases

Answer 9

• the purinine -> Adenine and Guanine = 2 rings
• pyrimidine -> thymine and cytosine = 1 ring
  - some are hydrogen bond acceptors and others are hydrogen bond donators

Question 10

Hydrogen bonds?

Answer 10

Form within the structure between bases on opposite strands

Question 11

The Watson crick base pairing

Answer 11

• obligatory in ds DNA
• non Watson-crick is possible but not in double stranded DNA

Question 12

B-DNA

Answer 12

The dominant cell structure that can be hydrolysis
- is physiological

Question 13

A-DNA

Answer 13

The specific crystallized structure that has been dehydrated

Question 14

If all three billion base pairs were put together what would it do

Answer 14

In a continuous strand it would be approximately 1 meter long

Question 15

A versus B DNA

Answer 15

B- the dominant type has major and minor grooves
A- the crystallizing type, has been dehydrated. Also have major and minor grooves. The A-DNA has larger minor grooves and smaller major grooves

Question 16

DNA replication is?

Answer 16

Semi-conservative and happens where you open one base pair at a time

Question 17

To use DNA what do you need to do?

Answer 17

The use DNA (express genes) you need to unfold and package it
There are genes present in small amount on all DNA
- every time a cell is divided the NDA must be unpackaged

Question 18

Polymerase chain reaction

Answer 18

• polymer DNA is directional
  5’ -> 3’ is not equal to 3’ -> 5’

Question 19

What should you look for in polymer DNA chain reactions

Answer 19

• always look for an extensions, from the 3’ end in replication it will always go 5’->3’ to 3’->5’

Question 20

Double stranded RNA forms what

Answer 20

A structure similar to A-DNA
- is physiologically relevant

Question 21

Genetic fingerprinting

Answer 21

• for genetic fingerprinting, some information regarding the sequence of DNA must be known
• typically, two PCR primers are designed in order to replicate some of the DNA that does NOT encode proteins (why is that?)
• PCR: polymerase chain reaction. PCR is used to obtain large amounts of DNA fragments. Each resulting fragment lies between the two primers

Question 22

Thermophiles in chemistry

Answer 22

• thermophiles live in very warm environments
• can expend to live at 80 degrees Celsius or higher
  - are stable DNA at 90 degrees Celsius

Question 23

Steps of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer 23

• first the original ds DNA molecule is heated so that the DNA unwinds one base pair at a time
• then the strands are cooled and continue to separate and nucleotides, primers, and DNA polymerase are added.
• next you then have 2 double stranded DNA molecules
• then the process happens again so that there are 4 DNA molecules.
  - then repeat over and over so that DNA strands are added
  8
  16
  32
  Etc.

Question 24

DNA manipulation

Answer 24

When a circular plastic is cut with either Hind111 or EcoRI or both enzymes. The fragments are run on an agarose gel as shown on the right. The markers indicate the fragment length (in thousands of base pairs).

Question 25

Palindrome

Answer 25

Reading the same thing front to back, and back to front
- a word, phrase, or sequence that reads the same back and forward

Question 26

DNA

Answer 26

Negatively charged; made of sugar phosphates which are DNA’s backbone and each individual on it is negative. So when DNA is tested it will go down and run to the positives

Question 27

What to do if you want to generate purple tomatoes

Answer 27

• you can take the purple gene from a purple tulip and use it for tomatoes to make purple tomatoes.
  
  • take the purple tulips, isolate the DNA, cut it with ASC1; then isolate the DNA fragments. Then with the tomato isolate it, open the genome through using the ASC1, then mix the tomato and tulips together with ligase to hopefully come up with purple tomatoes

Question 28

The central dogma

Answer 28

DNA (transcription) -> RNA (Translation) -> proteins

Question 29

DNA
RNA
Proteins

Answer 29

DNA - contains the genetic information
RNA - functions in catalytic and structural capacities in cellular processes; the most well-studied RNA function is translation, where RNA serves as a template, catalyst, and structural “scaffolding” in peptide bond formation
Proteins - responsible for most of the cellular functions; catalysis, structure, import/export, nutrient metabolism

Question 30

Amino acids

Answer 30

The building blocks of proteins, or, proteins are he polymers of amino acids. Protein synthesis consists of repeated formation of a covalent bond between two amino acids. Each covalent bond is an amide bond, also called a peptide bond. Peptide bond formation is a condensation reaction catalyzed by the ribosome

Question 31

rRNA

Answer 31

• makes up the active site
  
  • on its own does not synthesize but needs the proteins to synthesize

Question 32

tRNA

Answer 32

Carries the amino acids and binds to the mRNA

Question 33

mRNA

Answer 33

• used as a template (for protein synthesis)
  
  • reads 5’ to 3’ in groups of 3 nucleotides (nt), 3nt = 1 codon