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PSCI 103H > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

The system of the body that includes the heart, arteries, and veins.

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2
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels carrying blood away from the heart

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3
Q

Arterioles

A

Small branches of an artery.

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4
Q

Capillaries

A

Very small vessels that connect arteries and veins.

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5
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry blood to the heart.

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6
Q

Venules

A

The smallest veins.

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7
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

Disorders of the circulatory system, including coronary artery disease and stroke.

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8
Q

Myocardium

A

The heart muscle.

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9
Q

Atheromatous plaques

A

Deposits of cholesterol and other lipids, connective tissue, and muscle tissue.

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10
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

The formation of plaque within the arteries.

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11
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

A condition marked by loss of elasticity and hardening
of arteries.

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12
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

A disorder of the myocardium arising from atherosclerosis and/or arteriosclerosis.

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13
Q

Ischemia

A

Restriction of blood flow to tissue or organs; often used with
reference to the heart

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14
Q

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

A

Any damage to the myocardium resulting from insufficient blood supply.

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15
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack.

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16
Q

Cardiac rehabilitation

A

A complex of approaches designed to restore heart patients to cardiovascular health.

17
Q

Angina pectoris

A

A disorder involving a restricted blood supply to the
myocardium, which results in chest pain and restricted breathing.

18
Q

A common stroke

A

aused by a clot. Most often, the clot forms where an artery has been narrowed by fatty deposits

19
Q

A hemorrhagic stroke

A

Caused by bleeding in the brain due to a rupture of a weakened artery.

20
Q

aneurysm

A

a sac formed by the ballooning of a weakened artery wall

21
Q

Systolic pressure

A

A measure of blood pressure generated by the heart’s
contraction.

22
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

A measure of blood pressure between contractions of
the heart

23
Q

Hypertension

A

Abnormally high blood pressure, with either a systolic reading in excess of 160 or a diastolic reading in excess of 105

24
Q

Essential hypertension

A

Elevations of blood pressure that have no known cause.

25
Q

risk factor

A

any characteristic or condition that occurs with greater frequency in people with a disease than in people free from that disease.

26
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Substances in the blood consisting of lipid and protein

27
Q

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

A form of lipoprotein found to be positively related to coronary artery disease.

28
Q

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

A form of lipoprotein that confers some protection against coronary artery disease.

29
Q

Triglycerides

A

A group of molecules consisting of glycerol and three fatty acids; one of the components of serum lipids that has been implicated in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque.

30
Q

Cardiologists

A

Very small vessels that connect arteries and veins.

31
Q

Cardiovascular reactivity (CVR)

A

An increase in blood pressure and heart rate as a reaction to frustration or harassment

32
Q

What are the structures, functions, and disorders of the cardiovascular system?

A

The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels (veins, venules, arteries, arterioles, and capillaries). The heart pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and removing wastes from body cells. Disorders of the cardiovascular system include (1) coronary artery disease (2) myocardial infarction (3) angina pectoris (4) stroke (5) hypertension

33
Q

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A

Beginning with the Framingham study, researchers identified a number of cardiovascular risk factors. These factors include (1) inherent risk, (2) physiological risks, (3) behavioral and lifestyle risks, and (4) psychosocial risks.

34
Q

How does lifestyle relate to cardiovascular health?

A

Lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking, unwise eating, and a sedentary lifestyle all predict cardiovascular health. During the past three decades, deaths from heart disease have steadily decreased in the United States; perhaps as much as 50% of that drop is a result of changes in behavior and lifestyle.

35
Q

What behaviors allow people to lower their cardiovascular risks?

A

Drugs, sodium restriction, and weight loss all can control hypertension. Also, drugs, diet, and exercise can lower cholesterol levels. Lowering the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL is probably a better idea, but the statin type of cholesterol-lowering drugs tends to lower LDL, which can also be beneficial.

PSCI 103H (16 decks)

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