Chapter 1

Question 1

Life expectancy

Answer 1

The expected number of years of life that remain for a person of a given age

Question 2

Chronic diseases

Answer 2

Long-lasting diseases that can be controlled but not cured.

Question 3

What is the current life expectancy in the US?

Answer 3

80 years old

Question 4

Which country has the longest life expectancy?

Answer 4

Japan, with an expectancy of 84 years old

Question 5

What are most deaths today attributable to?

Answer 5

Lifestyle and behavior

Question 6

Death rates due to ____, _____, and _____ have increased in recent years

Answer 6

unintentional injuries, suicide, and homicide

Question 7

What are leading causes of death for adults 45-64 but not for young adults and children?

Answer 7

Cardiovascular disease and cancer

Question 8

T/F: socioeconomic disadvantages translate to health disadvantages

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Why should very wealthy people be healthier than other wealthy people?

Answer 9

One possibility comes from the relation of income to educational level, which, in turn, relates to occupation, social class, and ethnicity.

Question 10

Are advances in medical care responsible for the increase in life expectancy?

Answer 10

No, other factors have been more important than medical care of sick people.

Question 11

What percentage of people in the US have a chronic condition?

Answer 11

Nearly 50%

Question 12

Avoiding disease by adopting a ______ is even more preferable to treating diseases or screening for risks.

Answer 12

healthy lifestyle

Question 13

Biomedical model

Answer 13

A perspective that considers disease to result from exposure to a specific disease-causing organism.

Question 14

Pathogen

Answer 14

Any disease-causing organism.

Question 15

The focus of the ______ model is on disease, which is traceable to a specific agent. Removing the ______ restores health.

Answer 15

Biomedical; pathogen

Question 16

Biopsychosocial model

Answer 16

The approach to health that includes biological, psychological, and social influences.

Question 17

What are the two advantages the biopsychosocial model has over the older biomedical model?

Answer 17

First, it incorporates not only biological conditions but also psychological and social factors, and second, it views health as a positive condition.

Question 18

According to the biopsychosocial view, ______ is much more than the absence of _____

Answer 18

Health; disease

Question 19

What has the role of psychologists in medical settings has expanded to?

Answer 19

beyond traditional mental health problems to include programs to help people stop smoking, eat a healthy diet, exercise, adhere to medical advice, reduce stress, control pain, live with chronic disease, and avoid unintentional injuries.

Question 20

The biopsychosocial model recognizes that psychological and emotional factors contribute to physical health prob- lems. This notion is not new, as _____ and _______ proposed similar ideas.

Answer 20

Socrates; Hippocrates

Question 21

Views that emotional conflicts are a precursor to certain diseases led to the view of specific illnesses as what?

Answer 21

Psychosomatic

Question 22

Behavioral medicine

Answer 22

An interdisciplinary field concerned with developing and integrating behavioral and biomedical sciences

Question 23

Health psychology

Answer 23

A field of psychology that contributes to both behavioral medicine and behavioral health; the scientific study of behaviors that relate to health enhancement, disease prevention, and rehabilitation.

Question 24

Health psychologists are ________ first and _______ second, but the training in health is extensive.

Answer 24

psychologists; specialists in health

Question 25

Where are Clinical health psychologists often employed?

Answer 25

hospitals, pain clinics, or community clinics

Question 26

The first trend that promoted the view of health changing:

the changing pattern of disease and death in the United States from ________ to _______

Answer 26

infectious diseases to chronic diseases

Question 27

The second trend that promoted the view of health changing:

the ______ in medical costs

Answer 27

increase

Question 28

The third trend that promoted the view of health changing:

the growing acceptance of a view of health that includes not only the absence of ________ but also the presence of _________

Answer 28

Disease; positive well-being

Question 29

The fourth trend that promoted the view of health changing:

the ______ model of health that departs from the traditional biomedical model and the psychosomatic model by including not only _________ abnormalities but also _________ and _______ conditions.

Answer 29

biopsychosocial; biochemical; psychological; social

Question 30

How did psychology become involved in health care?

Answer 30

By the early 1970s, psychology and other behavioral sciences began to play a role in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases and in the promotion of positive health, giving rise to two new fields: behavioral medicine and health psychology.

Question 31

What type of training do health psychologists receive, and what kinds of work do they do?

Answer 31

Doctoral-level training psychology and often receive at least 2 years of postdoctoral work in a specialized area of health psychology. Clinical health psychologists provide services, often as part of a health care team.