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PSCI 103H > Lectures > Flashcards

Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Deaths in the 1900s were the result of contact with:

A

impure drinking water, contaminated food, sick people

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2
Q

Duration of illness in 1900s was very ______

A

Short

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3
Q

T/F: in the 1900s people felt no control over whether they got sick

A

True

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4
Q

In 1900, most deaths were from diseases rooted in _____ or ______ health problems

A

Public; community

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5
Q

Leading cause of death in 1900

A

Pneumonia

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6
Q

Leading cause of death in 2019

A

Heart disease

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7
Q

In 21st century, most deaths are related to _______ and ______

A

Individual behavior; lifestyle

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8
Q

__________ that could cure diseases were developed

A

Medical treatments

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9
Q

What did rising costs of medical treatments lead to?

A

educating people about how their health behaviors could reduce illness

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10
Q

Health behaviors

A

Alcohol abuse, Unhealthy eating, Smoking, Stress, Sedentary life style

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11
Q

Improvement in what health behavior will likely lead to the largest reduction in mortality rates?

A

Smoking

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12
Q

Ethnic differences in health may be due to differences in:

A

Income, Education, Access to medical insurance and care

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13
Q

Hispanic Paradox

A

The research finding that Hispanics in the U.S. tend to paradoxically
have substantially better health than the average population in spite
of what their aggregate socioeconomic indicators would predict.

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14
Q

Where does the US rank in the world of life expectancy?

A

24th among industrialized nations, 50th among all nations

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15
Q

Life expectancy of European Americans alone

A

47th in the world

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16
Q

Life expectancy for African Americans alone

A

113th in the world

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17
Q

The life expectancy difference does not apply to _______ ______ although they have similar socioeconomic disadvantages.

A

Hispanic Americans

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18
Q

How much did life expectancy change from 1900 to 2019?

A

30 years – from 47 years to 78 years

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19
Q

What is most responsible for the change in life expectancy from 1900 – 2019?

A

Lower infant mortality

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20
Q

African Americans are ________ as likely to die in infancy as European
Americans.

A

3 times

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21
Q

What group has about the same infant mortality level as European
Americans despite having lower education levels, higher rates of
poverty, and poorer prenatal care?

A

Hispanic Americans

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22
Q

Most Important Factors for change in life expectancy

A

Vaccinations, Safer Drinking Water, Milk supplies

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23
Q

Other Important Factors for change in life expectancy

A

Healthier lifestyle, Efficient disposal of sewage, Better nutrition.

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24
Q

Less Important Factors for change in life expectancy

A

Medical Advancements, Antibiotics, New surgical techniques, Better paramedics and ICUs

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25
Q

Why college isn’t good for your health

A

Stress, Drug Use, Less time for exercise and sleep, Poor diet

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26
Q

Why college is good for your health

A

Lower death rates from: Chronic diseases, Infectious diseases, and Unintentional injuries. Intelligence predicts good health and longevity, Learn about health care, Less likely to smoke, use illicit drugs, and More likely to eat a low fat diet and exercise

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27
Q

subjective measures of socioeconomic status have a
_____ relationship with health than objective measures

A

Stronger

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28
Q

Health care costs in the U.S are ______ than any other country

A

Greater

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29
Q

Cost per person rose from $2,072 in _____ to $13,493 in _____

A

1970; 2022

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30
Q

Why is health care so expensive?

A

People are living longer. As people live longer, they develop
chronic diseases

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31
Q

According to the CDC, approximately what percentage of adults in the U.S. have a chronic disease?

A

50

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32
Q

Chronic disease accounts for:
_____ of all health care costs
_____ of prescriptions
_____ of doctor visits
_____ of hospital stays

A

78%, 88%, 72%, 76%

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33
Q

5 most expensive diseases to treat in the U.S

A

Alzheimer’s, diabetes, heart disease and stroke, cancer, obesity

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34
Q

Prevention for chronic disease

A

Early detection and screening, Healthy lifestyles starting in youth, and Behavior change - that’s where health psychology comes in

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35
Q

TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

A

Experimental
Correlational
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Ex-post factor

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36
Q

Before there is a study, there is a ______

A

theory

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37
Q

Experimental design

A

Studies relationship between independent variable and dependent variable by manipulating the independent variable and comparing experimental group and control group on dependent variable.

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38
Q

What do theories do?

A

Generate hypotheses & research
Predict and explain research data
Should be modified with new findings

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39
Q

PLACEBO EFFECT

A

Inactive substance or condition that has the appearance of an active treatment and that may cause participants to improve or change due to the belief in the placebo’s ability to make a difference.

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40
Q

NOCEBO

A

Negative effects that can be produced by a placebo.

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41
Q

WHY DO PLACEBOS WORK?

A

Expectancy is a major component – they get well or
experience side effects because they think they should

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42
Q

The sham surgery was ___ ____ as effective as the
actual surgery in relieving knee pain.

A

at least

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43
Q

Why use correlational designs over experimental?

A

Sometimes it is not possible or ethical

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44
Q

Correlational research

A

Designed to assess the strength of the relationship between two variables.

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45
Q

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

A

Number that indicates the strength of relationship between
two variable

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46
Q

1.00

A

a perfect positive relationship; e.g. everyone who goes to private school goes to college.

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47
Q

0.00

A

no relationship; e.g. whether you went to private
school has nothing to do with whether you went to college.

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48
Q

-1.00

A

e.g. a perfect negative relationship; no one who goes
to private school goes to college.

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49
Q

Cross-sectional

A

compare two or more separate groups at only one time.

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50
Q

Longitudinal

A

follow same participants over extended time

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51
Q

Cross-sectional faster and cheaper, but longitudinal allows researchers to _____ _____ and _____ ______ __ ______

A

identify trends; determine direction of relationships

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52
Q

LONGITUDINAL DESIGNS

A

The Alameda County Study, Epidemiologist Lester Breslow followed people over 10 years to see who got sick (morbidity) and how many people died(mortality).
He wanted to see whether practice six or seven basic health related behaviors were related to morbidity or mortality

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53
Q

Strongly Related to Reduced Mortality:

A

Drinking alcohol in moderation or not at all
Not smoking cigarettes
Exercising regularly

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54
Q

Weakly Related to Reduced Mortality:

A

Getting 7 or 8 hours of sleep
Maintaining near ideal weight

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55
Q

Not Related to Reduced Mortality:

A

Eating breakfast almost every day
Rarely eating between meals

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56
Q

EX POST FACTO DESIGNS

A

Quasi experimental design in which values of the independent variable are not manipulated but chosen by experimenter after groups have naturally divided themselves.

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57
Q

OTHER RESEARCH CONCEPTS

A

Reliability
Validity
Meta-analysis

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58
Q

RELIABILITY

A

Consistency
The reliability of a measuring tool is the extent to which that
tool measures in a consistent fashion.

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59
Q

Test retest reliability

A

getting the same scores from one administration to another

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60
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

two independent raters rate something similarly

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61
Q

Reliability often measured with ____ _____ or
_____ ______

A

correlation coefficient; percent agreement

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62
Q

VALIDITY

A

Accuracy
The extent to which a measuring instrument measures
what it is designed to measure.

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63
Q

Face validity

A

looks like it is measuring what it is supposed to measure

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64
Q

Construct validity

A

matches up with other measures of the same construct

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65
Q

EPIDEMIOLOGY

A

The study of factors contributing to the occurrence of a
disease in a particular population.

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66
Q

JOHN SNOW STUDY

A

Two water companies were supplying water to south
London
Cholera death rate was five x higher in homes receiving
water from one of the companies
Ultimate source of outbreak was a dirty diaper that contaminated the water supply

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67
Q

DISEASES CAN BE…..

A

Low prevalence and high incidence
High prevalence and low incidence

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68
Q

Low prevalence and high incidence:

A

Colds - low percentage of the population now, but more
new cases every year.

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69
Q

High prevalence and low incidence:

A

High blood pressure (hypertension) –high percentage of
the population now, but not as many new cases every
year.

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70
Q

RISK FACTOR

A

Any characteristic that occurs with greater frequency in
people with a disease than it does in people free from
that disease

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71
Q

PROTECTIVE FACTOR

A

Any characteristic that occurs with greater frequency in people who do not get a disease than it does in people free from that disease

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72
Q

Disease

A

process of physical damage within the body, which can exist even in the absence of a label or diagnosis.

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73
Q

Illness

A

experience of being sick and having been diagnosed as sick.

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74
Q

Illness behavior

A

activities undertaken by people who experience symptoms but who have not yet received a diagnosis

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75
Q

Sick role behavior

A

behavior of people after a diagnosis, whether from health care provider or self-diagnosis

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76
Q

WHAT INFLUENCES PEOPLE’S RESPONSE TO SYMPTOMS?

A
  1. Personal factors
  2. Gender differences
  3. Age
  4. Socioeconomic Status, Culture, Ethnicity
  5. Symptom characteristics
  6. Conceptualization of symptoms
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77
Q

PERSONAL FACTORS

A

Level of symptoms is NOT most important reason for people
seeking medical attention.
Anxiety about condition, coping resources, and level of
functioning predict treatment seeking.

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78
Q

STRESS

A

Those with higher level of stress are more likely to seek
treatment
Those with prolonged stress more likely to seek help for
ambiguous symptoms
Women under high stress judged less likely to have
disease than men under high stre

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79
Q

PERSONALITY

A

More neurotic people have higher self report of symptoms
and are more likely to complain of illness

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80
Q

GENDER DIFFERENCES

A

Women are more likely to seek treatment when they
have physical symptoms.

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81
Q

AGE

A

Young and middle aged people are the most reluctant to
check out symptoms.

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82
Q

Older people have to decide whether symptoms are ____ _____ or something else

A

Normal aging

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83
Q

SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS

A

People at higher socioeconomic levels are less likely to have
symptoms - less stress, more prevention

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84
Q

CULTURAL FACTORS

A

European Americans more likely than other groups to visit
physician.

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85
Q

Likelihood of seeking health care based on:

A

• visibility of symptoms
• perceived severity of symptoms
• extent to which symptom interferes with life
• frequency and persistence of symptoms

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86
Q

CONCEPTUALIZATION OF DISEASE

A

Based on:
• identity of disease
• time line
• determination of cause
• consequences of disease
• controllability of disease

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87
Q

IDENTITY OF DISEASE

A

More likely to seek care if disease is thought to be critical.

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88
Q

TIMELINE OF DISEASE

A

Many people conceptualize their disease as acute when it is actually chronic
Double edged sword – can increase short term behavior
but be ineffective in long run.

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89
Q

DETERMINATION OF CAUSE

A

E.g. if pain is due to injury vs. underlying disease

90
Q

CONSEQUENCES OF DISEASE

A

Some neglect care because they don’t understand the
long-term consequences
Some neglect care because they feel hopeless or believe
they’ve been given a death sentence

91
Q

CONTROLLABILITY OF DISEASE

A

If disease or treatment are perceived as uncontrollable,
people are less likely to seek medical care.

92
Q

NON-MEDICAL SOURCES

A

Lay referral network: family and friends who offer
information and advice before official medical treatment
is sought.
Can be helpful, but can also prime person’s perceptions of
symptoms.

93
Q

Women and those with higher education most likely to use
the ________ for medical advice

A

internet

94
Q

If the doctor finds the information _______ and _________,
the patient-doctor relationship may benefit.

A

relevant; accurate

95
Q

Problems with receiving health care:

A

• Limited access to health care
• Choosing a practitioner
• The rise of managed health care
• Being in the hospital

96
Q

What is a larger problem in the U.S. than other industrialized
countries?

A

Cost of healthcare

97
Q

Medicare

A

pays hospital expenses for most Americans over the age of 65

98
Q

Medicaid

A

provides health care based on low income and physical problems, such as disability or pregnancy

99
Q

Those with health insurance more likely to have chronic
conditions diagnosed and managed such as:

A

• High blood pressure
• Diabetes
• High cholesterol

100
Q

Practitioners who form a successful ______ ______with
patients more likely to have satisfied patients.

A

working alliance

101
Q

Patients significantly _____ likely to follow medical advice when a doctor communicates ______

A

less; poorly

102
Q

Do people prefer female or male doctors?

A

Female

103
Q

Patients often choose physicians who are:

A

• Confident
• Thorough
• Personable
• Humane
• Forthright
• Respectful
• Empathic

104
Q

Almost ___ of people seeking conventional care also seek
alternative care

A

1/3

105
Q

____ _______ people are more likely to use alternative care
because they can afford it.

A

Well educated

106
Q

Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)

A

originated with the concept that prevention is preferable to treatment.

107
Q

Hospitalization is _____ common for many types of surgery
and tests.

A

less

108
Q

Increased used of technology has added to the
____________ and _____ of being in the hospital.

A

depersonalization; stress

109
Q

ADHERENCE

A

The extent to which a person is able and willing to
follow medical and health advice.

110
Q

_________ people may die in the U.S. because they fail to
adhere to medical advice.

A

125,000

111
Q

Average rate of nonadherence was ____ over the past 50 years.

A

25%

112
Q

BEHAVIORAL THEORY

A

Based on principals of operant conditioning, especially positive and negative reinforcement.

113
Q

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

A

Increasing the likelihood that a behavior will occur by adding a positively valued stimulus to the situation

114
Q

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

A

Increasing the likelihood that a behavior will occur by subtracting a negatively valued stimulus to the situation (i.e. removing an aversive stimulus)

115
Q

PUNISHMENT

A

Decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur by adding a negatively valued stimulus to the situation

116
Q

BEHAVIORAL APPROACH

A

Behavioral approach has been applied to increase
adherence by the use of cues, rewards, and contracts to
reinforce adherent behavior

117
Q

CUES

A

Written reminders of appointments or Telephone calls from doctorʼs office

118
Q

Extrinsic reward example

A

receiving money or compliments

119
Q

Intrinsic reward example

A

feeling healthier – good after visiting the dentist

120
Q

Banduraʼs social cognitive theory

A

emphasizes the interaction of behavior, environment, and personal factors, especially cognition or thinking

121
Q

SELF-EFFICACY

A

A personʼs belief that they have the ability to perform specific
behaviors that will lead to a desired outcome

122
Q

Research has supported the role of self- efficacy in
several health behaviors including:

A

Exercise rehabilitation
Diet
Quitting smoking

123
Q

THEORY OF REASONED ACTION

A

The most immediate determinant of behavior is the intention to perform a behavior.

124
Q

Behavioral intention is determined by:

A

• Attitude towards a behavior – positive or negative
• Subjective norm – the value that significant others place on the behavior

125
Q

The Theory of Planned Behavior

A

Adds your perception of how much control you have over your own behavior

126
Q

____ _____ _________ better at predicting intention than behavior.

A

Theory of planned behavior

127
Q

STAGES OF CHANGE

A
  1. Precontemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
  6. Termination
128
Q

PRECONTEMPLATION

A

People are unaware of the need to change or have no
desire to change.

129
Q

CONTEMPLATION

A

• People are aware of and accept responsibility for problems.
• They are beginning to think about changing but have not yet actively decided to change.

130
Q

PREPARATION

A

People have made a commitment to change and are
preparing themselves to begin the change process.

131
Q

ACTION

A

People actively begin to modify their behaviors and their
surroundings.

132
Q

MAINTENANCE

A

People have changes and are trying to consolidate their
changes and deal with lapses.

133
Q

TERMINATION

A

People are no longer are threatened by the original
temptations, the problem behaviors do not return, and
clients have confidence that they can cope without
relapse.

134
Q

Ways to measure adherence:

A

Ask the doctor, ask the patient, ask other people, monitor medication use, biochemical evidence, or a combination of methods

135
Q

Which age demographic is the best at adherence?

A

Middle aged adults

136
Q

Although the severity of a disease is not related to
adherence, the ______ associated with a condition is related
to adherence.

A

pain

137
Q

_____ _____ ______ are associated with taking less medication.

A

Severe side effects

138
Q

Why does depression decrease adherence?

A

• Part of depression is lack of motivation
• Less pleasure in things that reinforce them
• Hopelessness - this will never get better

139
Q

Two kinds of beliefs may be important in adherence:

A

• Belief in ability to change behavior
• Belief that change will work

140
Q

Economic factors on adherence:

A

• Being able to pay for the medication
• Not having to reduce the dose or save it up for the
future
• Being able to pay for screening or preventive health
care.

141
Q

People with a network of ______ and _____ are more
likely to adhere to medical treatments.

A

family; friends

142
Q

Cultural traditions _________ with Western medicine
lead to lower compliance with Western medicine

A

inconsistent

143
Q

_____ _______ improves when they see their providers as warm, caring, friendly, and interested in their welfare.

A

Patient adherence

144
Q

female practitioners generally:

A

• Show more friendly behaviors
• Listen better and longer
• Ask more questions
• which are all related to better adherence.

145
Q

IMPROVING ADHERENCE

A

• Educational strategies
• Emotion-focused strategies
• Behavioral strategies

146
Q

MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING

A

A way of relating that may help another person increase their motivation to make health related changes.

147
Q

People have used the word “______” to describe a stimulus or a response

A

stress

148
Q

Stress can come from:

A

• Cataclysmic events
• Changes in a person’s life history
• Hassles from everyday life

149
Q

CATACLYSMIC EVENTS

A

Unique and powerful events that could be intentional
(terrorist attacks) or unintentional (natural disasters)

150
Q

LIFE EVENTS

A

Major life events can be major sources of stress but
even minor life events can also be stressful

151
Q

NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS

A

• Expected death of a loved one
• Divorce
• Break up
• Retirement?
• Friend moves away
• Moving
• Quitting a job

152
Q

DAILY HASSLES

A

• Events of everyday life – arguing with partner, traffic,
balancing work/family
• Physical environment – noise, pollution, crowding
• Psychosocial environment – discrimination, type of
job, balance of work/family

153
Q

The bodyʼs response to stress involves two major
systems:

A
  1. nervous system
  2. neuroendocrine system.
154
Q

Autonomic nervous system has 2 parts that act together:

A

• Sympathetic NS “Arouses”(fight-or-flight)
• Parasympathetic NS “Calms”(rest and digest)

155
Q

Endocrine system

A

consists of ductless glands throughout the body.

156
Q

Neuroendocrine system

A

endocrine glands that are controlled by and interact with the nervous system.

157
Q

Both the endocrine and nervous systems _____,
_______, and _______ chemicals.

A

Share; synthesize; release

158
Q

Pituitary gland

A

located in the brain; produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which is a hormone that plays a role in the stress response and acts on the adrenal gland.

159
Q

Adrenal glands

A

located on the top of each kidney – releases cortisol, a hormone related to the stress response.

160
Q

Cortisol

A

Can be used as index of stress
Assess in saliva and urine

161
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Both a hormone and neurotransmitter
Produced in many places in body

162
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

Produced in adrenal medulla
Used as index of stress
Measured in urine

163
Q

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

A

Once stress is perceived, the sympathetic division of ANS is
activated and mobilized body’s resources. “fight or flight” response – body is readying to either attack or escape

164
Q

GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME

A

Hans Selye conceptualized stress as a nonspecific
response

165
Q

Continued stress will cause:

A

prolonged resistance which may be related to ulcers, hypertension, asthma and possibly resistance to immune system

166
Q

ALLOSTATIC LOAD

A

The physiological costs of chronic exposure to the stress
response.

167
Q

PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEWS OF STRESS

A

Richard Lazarus saw a personʼs perception of an event
as more important than the event itself.

168
Q

“transactional” view of stress

A

Emphasizes psychological factors including perception or appraisal, vulnerability, and coping.

169
Q

PERCEPTION OF STRESS

A

How much the physiological stress response is activated depends on your perception or how you appraise an event.

170
Q

Primary appraisal

A

person determines whether event is irrelevant, benign-positive (good), or stressful

171
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

a person determines whether they can successfully apply coping strategies to alleviate stress.

172
Q

Reappraisal

A

person incorporates any new information.

173
Q

STRESS & GENDER

A

• Different stresses for men and women
• Working women often have multiple roles of employee,
partner, and mother.

174
Q

Benefits of multiple roles

A

• Learn more coping strategies.
• Self-esteem not only in one area.
• Not just work oriented.
• Retirement not as tough.
• More friends

175
Q

T/F: Men do more housework than a generation ago.

A

True, but they still do about half as much as women.

176
Q

STRESS AND MARRIAGE

A

• Men get more benefits than women
• Men have more health problems when losing their spouse
than women.

177
Q

Why do men have more health problems when losing their spouse than women?

A

Not sure… some think that womenʼs role as caregivers –
to their husbands and children – can mean they give more
care than they receive.
• Men may also rely on spouses more for emotional
support.

178
Q

STRESS & DISCRIMINATION

A

• Racial and ethnic discrimination are the most studied.
• Discrimination has been linked to health problems.
The strongest link with health problems has been with
cardiovascular disease.

179
Q

Discrimination may increase _____ _____ and _______ _______

A

blood pressure; cardiovascular reactivity

180
Q

Stress can be measured in two broad ways:

A

• Physiological measures
• Self-report measures

181
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES

A

• Blood pressure, heart rate, galvanic skin response,
respiration rate

182
Q

SELF REPORT

A

• Life Events Scale - checklist of life events
• E.g. marriage, death, traffic violations
• Everyday Hassles Scale - measures daily hassles
(experiences of every day living that may be threatening
to a person’s well-being)
• E.g. traffic, concerns of weight, household chores

183
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of physiological measures

A

• Advantages: reliable and direct
• Disadvantages: process may produce stress itself;
expensive

184
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of self-report measures

A

• Advantages: Scales can predict occurrence of stress-
related symptoms (e.g., good predictive validity)
• Disadvantages: People may overreport some events and
underreport other events

185
Q

COPING

A

Strategies people use to manage distressing problems
and emotions in their lives

186
Q

PROBLEM-FOCUSED COPING

A

• It involves changing the source of stress.
• For example, if you donʼt do well on a test, then
making a study schedule and following it would be an
example of problem-focused coping

187
Q

EMOTION-FOCUSED COPING

A

• It doesn’t involve changing the source of the stress, but
changing your emotional response to the stressor.
• For example, if you donʼt do well on a test, rather than
then making a study more you eat chocolate or drink
beer while you think about how you did on the test.

188
Q

COPING WITH STRESS

A

• The best approach to coping may be to be flexible in
using problem-focused coping in situations you can
change and emotion-focused coping in situations you
canʼt change.

189
Q

What are some situations that you cannot change?

A

• Things that happen in the past. Break-ups. Death of a
loved one.

190
Q

PROACTIVE COPING

A

• Involves taking steps to avoid an anticipated stressor.

191
Q

RELAXATION TECHNIQUES

A

• Modern uses of relaxation training can be traced to Edmond Jacobsen who developed progressive muscle relaxation during the 1930s.

192
Q

Several forms of relaxation training exist, but the ones most
frequently used for pain and stress include:

A

• Diaphragmatic breathing
• Progressive muscle relaxation
• Guided imagery
• Biofeedback

193
Q

DIAPHRAGMATIC BREATHING

A

• A simple technique that works well for many.
• Deep and slow breathing with your “belly.”
• Incorporated intentionally or unconsciously into many
other relaxation techniques.

194
Q

PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION

A

• Tension is mostly physical and in the muscles.
• Sit/lay in a comfortable chair in a quiet place.
• Start with feet or head and go through muscle groups
throughout the body.
• First tense and then relax – to see what it feels like to be
tense and to relax.
• Later just relax.

195
Q

GUIDED IMAGERY

A

Think of a calm, peaceful image such as a beach or mountain scene.
Concentrate on the scene using all of their senses regularly or when feeling pain or stress.
One idea is that this diverts attention away from what is painful or stressful
Closes the pain gate or induces the relaxation response.

196
Q

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY

A

• Based on the assumption that a change in the
interpretation of an event can change peopleʼs
emotional and physiological reaction to that event.

197
Q

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
• Effective in helping people manage a wide variety of
problems that involve stress or pain including:

A

• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Irritable bowel
• Cancer
• Heart disease
• AIDS
• Diabetes
• Low back pain
• Headache

198
Q

EMOTIONAL DISCLOSURE

A

• A therapeutic technique whereby people express their strong emotions by talking or writing about a stressful or traumatic events that caused the emotions.

199
Q

EMOTIONAL DISCLOSURE
• Generally, the strongest effects have been in:

A

• Reducing feelings of emotional distress(anxiety and depression)
• Reducing physical symptoms
• Improving immune function
• Reducing blood pressure
• Reducing health care visits

200
Q

How does emotional disclosure work?

A

May have to do with developing a coherent story – a story that makes sense about a traumatic or stressful experiences.

201
Q

IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

• Tissues, organs, and processes that protect the body from
invasion
• Locates foreign microorganisms, mutant cells, or damaged
cells and activates processes to eliminate them.

202
Q

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

Immune system is spread throughout the body in the
form of the lymphatic system

203
Q

Lymph

A

Tissue of lymphatic system (tissue components
of blood other than red cells and platelets)

204
Q

LYMPHOCYTES

A

Type of white blood cell found in lymph
Originate in bone marrow but mature and differentiate
in other structures in the immune system.

205
Q

Several types of lymphocytes:

A

T-cells
B-cells
Natural killer (NK cells)

206
Q

THYMUS

A

Has endocrine functions and secretes thymosin, which
seems to be involved in maturation and differentiation of
T-cells
• Thymus largest during infancy and childhood and
atrophies in adulthood

207
Q

THYMUS

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue located in the throat. Function
is similar to that of lymph nodes - trapping and killing
invading cells and particles.

208
Q

SPLEEN

A

Organ near the stomach in the abdominal cavity
• Site of lymphocite maturation
• Holding station for lymphocites
• Disposal cite for worn out blood cells

209
Q

FUNCTION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

• Generally to protect against injury; specifically to protect
against foreign substances the body encounters

210
Q

NONSPECIFIC RESPONSE

A

• Skin cells and mucous membranes are first line of
defense. If pathogens get past them, one of 2
processes may occur:
1. Phagocytosis
2. Inflammation

211
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

• Attacking of foreign particles by cells of immune systems.

212
Q

Granulocytes

A

contain granules filled with chemicals which are released and attack invaders.

213
Q

Macrophages

A

several functions - scavenge for worn out
cells and debris, assist in initiation of specific immune
responses, secrete variety of chemicals that break down cell
membranes of invaders

214
Q

INFLAMMATION

A

• Works to restore tissue damaged by invaders.
• Blood vessels in area of injury dilate causing redness and
warmth.
• Damaged cells release enzymes that help destroy invaders.
• Granulocytes & macrophages migrate to site of injury to help destroy invaders.

215
Q

T-CELLS

A

The 1st time a pathogen enters the system, both general and
specific response occur. Fragments of invaders left over from
phagocytosis make contact with T-cells, which acquire specific receptors on their surface enabling them to recognize the invader.

216
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

Cytotoxic T-cells form and attack invaders at level of body cells, not blood stream.

217
Q

STRESS & ASTHMA

A

• Proinflammatory cytokines may a fundamental or even
causal role in development of disorder
• Stressors, such as emotional events & pain can trigger
asthma attack
• Kids living in inner-city with parents who have mental
problems showed sharply heightened risk

218
Q

STRESS & PREGNANCY

A

• Mothers who are stressed are more likely to deliver preterm babies and babies with lower birth weights
• Chronic stress more damaging than acute stress
• Stress later in pregnancy more damaging than earlier stress

219
Q

STRESS & DEPRESSION

A

• Stress contributes to development of depressive symptoms
• Rumination may increase stress and depression

220
Q

Kindling hypothesis

A

major life stress provides a “kindling experience that prompts the development of depression

221
Q

STRESS & PTSD

A

• Post-traumatic stress disorder: “development of
characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme
traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an
event that involves actual or threated death or serious
injury”
• PTSD produces long-lasting suppression of the immune
system and an increase in proinflammatory cytokines.

PSCI 103H (16 decks)

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