Chapter 9 Flashcards
Neutrophil
Primary phagocyte that arrives early at the site of inflammation, usually within 90 minutes of injury
Granulocyte
Identified by distinctive cytoplasmic granules
Resist staining
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation that appear at the site of injury?
A) Rubor, tumor, calor, and dolor, and functio laesa
B) Complement, TNF-α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and neutrophils
C) Fever, cytokines, exudation of fluid, and plasma components
D) Lymphocytes, macrophages, blood vessel proliferation, and tissue necrosis
A) Rubor, tumor, calor, and dolar, and functio laesa
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes acute inflammation from chronic inflammation?
A) Presence of lymphocytes and macrophages
B) Duration of a few minutes to several days
C) Exudation of fluid and plasma components
D) Association with fibrosis and tissue necrosis
B) Duration of a few minutes to several days
What are the systemic manifestations that may occur during acute inflammation and are collectively known as the acute-phase response?
A) Fever and tissue necrosis
B) Exudation of fluid and plasma components
C) Lymphocytes and macrophages
D) Rubor and calor
A) Fever and tissue necrosis
What roles do endothelial cells play in the inflammatory response?
A) Synthesis of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors
B) Regulation of blood flow through vasodilators and vasoconstrictors
C) Maintenance of vessel patency through antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents
D) Expression of cell adhesion molecules and receptors for leukocyte extravasation
D) Expression of cell adhesion molecules and receptors for leukocyte extravasation
Which function is NOT typically associated with endothelial cells in the context of the inflammatory response?
A) Synthesis of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors
B) Maintenance of vessel patency through antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents
C) Regulation of blood flow through vasodilators and vasoconstrictors
D) Participation in the repair process through growth factors that stimulate angiogenesis
A) Synthesis of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors
What is a key characteristic of circulating endothelial cells in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
A) Synthesis of antiplatelet agents
B) Regulation of blood flow
C) Expression of adhesion molecules for leukocyte extravasation
D) Indication of vascular dysfunction even in the absence of cardiovascular disease
D) Indication of vascular dysfunction even in the absence of cardiovascular disease
Which sequence of events characterizes the vascular phase of acute inflammation?
A) Vasodilation, increase in capillary permeability, protein-rich exudate, and tissue edema
B) Vasoconstriction, reduction in capillary pressure, and protein outflow
C) Stagnation of blood flow, clotting, and reduction in interstitial osmotic pressure
D) Arteriolar constriction, venular vasodilation, and protein synthesis
A) Vasodilation, increase in capillary permeability, protein-rich exudate, and tissue edema
What is the correct sequence of events during the cellular phase of acute inflammation involving leukocytes?
A) Endothelial activation, chemotaxis, adhesion and margination, transmigration
B) Transmigration, adhesion and margination, endothelial activation, chemotaxis
C) Adhesion and margination, chemotaxis, endothelial activation, transmigration
D) Chemotaxis, endothelial activation, adhesion and margination, transmigration
A) Endothelial activation, chemotaxis, adhesion and margination, transmigration
Which major components are involved in the two stages of acute inflammation, namely the vascular and cellular stages?
A) Fibrous proteins, elastin, and proteoglycans
B) Endothelial cells, connective tissue cells, and components of the extracellular matrix
C) White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
D) Mast cells, fibroblasts, and tissue macrophages
B) Endothelial cells, connective tissue cells, and components of the extracellular matrix
What role do activated platelets play in inflammation?
A) They regulate vascular permeability
B) They release over 300 proteins, including inflammatory mediators
C) They enhance chemotactic properties of endothelial cells
D) They participate in primary hemostasis
B) They release over 300 proteins, including inflammatory mediators
Which cells have a single kidney-shaped nucleus and are released from the bone marrow to act as macrophages?
A) Neutrophils
B) Monocytes
C) Granulocytes
D) Eosinophils
B) Monocytes
What term is used to describe the immature forms of neutrophils with a horseshoe shape of their nuclei, often released from the bone marrow during excessive demand for phagocytes?
A) Segmented neutrophils
B) Eosinophils
C) Basophils
D) Bands
D) Bands
What role do monocytes and macrophages play in inflammation?
A) They release vasoactive mediators and promote tissue regeneration
B) They are involved in primary hemostasis
C) They are responsible for the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines
D) They have a horseshoe-shaped nucleus and are released during excessive demand for phagocytes
A) They release vasoactive mediators and promote tissue regeneration
Leukocytosis
Increase in circulating white blood cells
Frequently elevated with bacterial infections and tissue injury
10,000-20,000 cells/uL
Bands
Immature forms of neutrophils released from bone marrow
Nuclei horseshoe shaped
Circulating monocytes
Single kidney-shaped nucleus and are the largest circulating leukocytes
Constitute 3-8% of the WBC count
Released from the bone marrow to act as macrophages
Mononuclear cells
Arrive at the inflammatory site shortly after the neutrophils and perform their phagocytic functions for several days
What distinguishes the lifespan of macrophages from that of neutrophils in the context of inflammation?
A) Macrophages have a shorter lifespan than neutrophils.
B) Neutrophils have a longer lifespan than macrophages.
C) Both macrophages and neutrophils have similar lifespans.
D) Macrophages have a longer lifespan than neutrophils.
D) Macrophages have a longer lifespan than neutrophils
What is a key function of monocytes and macrophages in chronic inflammation?
A) Release of histamine
B) Production of antibodies
C) Phagocytosis and walling off foreign material
D) Synthesis of vasoactive mediators
C) Phagocytosis and walling off foreign material
Important cells in inflammation associated with immediate hypersensitivity reactions and allergic disorders
Eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
Eosinophils
Circulate in the blood and are recruited to tissues, similar to neutrophils
Increase in the blood during allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Stain red with the acid dye eosin, contain a protein that is highly toxic to large parasitic worms that cannot be phagocytized
Basophils
Blood granulocytes with structural and functional similarities to mast cells of the connective tissue. They are derived from bone marrow progenitors and circulate in blood. Stain blue with basic dye, contain histamine and other bioactive mediators of inflammation
Bind to antibody IgE which triggers release of histamine and vasoactive agents from the basophil granules
Mast cells
Derive from the same hematopoietic stem cells as basophils but do not develop until they leave the circulation and lodge in tissues sites.
Activation results in release of performed contents of their granules, synthesis of lipid mediators derived from cell membrane precursors, and stimulation of cytokine and chemokine synthesis by other inflammatory cells such as monocytes and macrophages
Which of the following is a key function of eosinophils?
A) Release of histamine
B) Phagocytosis of microbes
C) Control of chemical mediators in allergic reactions
D) Staining blue with a basic dye
C) Control of chemical mediators in allergic reactions
Which cell type circulates in the blood and plays a key role in IgE-triggered reactions and helminth infections?
A) Neutrophils
B) Basophils
C) Eosinophils
D) Monocytes
B) Basophils
Which cell type, derived from the same hematopoietic stem cells as basophils, does not develop until it leaves the circulation and lodges in tissue sites?
A) Eosinophils
B) Mast cells
C) Neutrophils
D) Monocytes
B) Mast Cells
Vasodilation is induced by the action of several mediators
Histamine and Nitric Oxide
Which of the following is a consequence of vasodilation during inflammation?
A) Temporary constriction of arterioles
B) Increased intracapillary osmotic pressure
C) Opening of capillary beds and congestion
D) Decreased redness and warmth in the affected area
C) Opening of capillary beds and congestion
What is the role of increased permeability of the microvasculature during inflammation?
A) Reducing blood constituents in the affected area
B) Decreasing intracapillary osmotic pressure
C) Preventing clotting of blood at the site of injury
D) Allowing the outpouring of protein-rich fluid into extravascular spaces
D) Allowing the outpouring of protein-rich fluid into extravascular spaces
What mediators induce vasodilation, one of the earliest manifestations of inflammation?
A) Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
B) Histamine and nitric oxide (NO)
C) Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and cytokines
D) Complement factors and growth factors
B) Histamine and Nitric oxide
What is the most common mechanism of vascular leakage in acute inflammation?
A) Constriction of endothelial cells
B) Formation of endothelial gaps in venules
C) Stimulation of intercellular junctions
D) Inhibition of chemical mediator binding
B) Formation of endothelial gaps in venules
This is elicited by histamine, bradykinin LT, and many other classes of chemical mediators
Immediate transient response
Occurs with minor injury
Develops rapidly after injury and is usually reversible and of short duration
Leaves capillaries and arterioles unaffected