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UNIT 2-Nurs316 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasm

A

Refers to an abnormal mass of tissue in which the growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues. Do not obey the laws of normal cell growth. Serve no useful purpose, do not occur in response to an appropriate stimulus, and they continue to grow at the expense of the host.

Benign or malignant.

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2
Q

Benign neoplasm

A

Contain well-differentiated cells that are clustered together in a single mass.

Do not usually cause death unless their location or size interferes with vital functions

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3
Q

Malignant neoplasms

A

Less well differentiated and have the ability to break loose, enter the circulatory or lymphatic system and dorm secondary malignant tumors at other sites

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4
Q

Benign and malignant neoplasms are distinguished by

A

-Cell characteristics
-rate of growth
-Manner of growth
-Capacity to invade and metastasize to other parts of the body
-Potential for causing death

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5
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

Benign tumors develop a surrounding rim of compressed connective tissue. Responsible for a sharp line of demarcation between the benign tumor and the adjacent tissues, a factor that facilitates surgical removal

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6
Q

Two categories of malignant neoplasms:

A

solid tumors
hematologic cancers

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7
Q

Cancer cells are characterized by two main features

A

Abnormal and rapid proliferation

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8
Q

Anaplasia

A

The loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue

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9
Q

The cells of undifferentiated tumors usually display greater numbers of cells in _________

A

Mitosis because of their high rate of proliferation

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10
Q

Genetic Instability

A

Uncorrected mutations in normal cells are rare because of the numerous cellular mechanisms to prevent them.

Characteristics of genetic instability include aneuploidy (chromosomes are lost or gained), intrachromosomally instability (insertions, deletions, and amplifications), microsatellite instability (short, repetitive sequence of DNA), and point mutations.

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11
Q

Cell Density-Dependent Inhibition

A

The cessation of growth after cells reach a certain density.

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12
Q

Contact inhibition

A

Cells often stop growing when they come into contact with each other

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13
Q

Characteristics of cancer cells

A

-Genetic instability
-Growth Factor Independence
-Cell Density-Dependent Inhibition
-Anchorage Dependence
-Cell-to-Cell communcation
-Life span
-Antigen expression
Production of enzymes, Hormones, and other substances
-Cytoskeleton changes

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14
Q

Seeding of Cancer Cells

A

Occurs when a tumor sheds cells into body spaces.

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15
Q

Where is seeding common?

A

Peritoneal cavity (most common with ovarian cancers)

But other spaces such as the pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and joint spaces may also be involved.

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16
Q

Sentinel Node

A

USed to describe the initial lymph node to which the primary tumor drains

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17
Q

Where is a common site for metastatic spread of cancers?

A

Liver

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18
Q

Once cells have an adequate blood supply, the rate of tissue growth in normal and cancerous tissue depends on three factors:

A
  1. The number of cells that are actively dividing or moving through the cell cycle
  2. The duration of the cell cycle
  3. The number of cells that are being lost relative to the number of new cells being produced
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19
Q

Growth Fraction

A

Ratio of dividing cells to resting cells in a tissue mass

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20
Q

Doubling Time

A

The length of time it takes for the total mass of cells in a tumor to double.

As growth fraction increases, the doubling time decreases.

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21
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Normal genes that become cancer-causing oncogenes if mutated
Encode for normal cell proteins such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, growth factor signaling molecules, and transcription factors that promote cell growth or increase growth-factor-dependent signaling

22
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Retinoblastoma (RB) gene - normally prevents cell division
TP53 gene- which normally becomes activated in DNA-damaged cells to initiate apoptosis

23
Q

TP53 gene

A

A reliable prognostic indicator
Inactivity of TP53 may increase the survival of DNA-damaged cells
Mutations have been associated with lung, breast, and colon cancer
Initiates apoptosis in radiation-and-chemotherapy-damaged tumor cellsE

24
Q

Epigenetic Mechanisms

A

Molecular and cellular mechanisms that involved changes in the patterns of gene expression without a change in the DNA
May silence genes such as tumor suppressor genes

25
Q

Initiation

A

First step
Describes the exposure of cells to a carcinogenic agent that causes them to be vulnerable to cancer transformation
The cancer agents can be chemical, physical, or biologic and produce irreversible changes in the genome of a previously notmal cell.

26
Q

Promotion

A

Second step
Allows for prolific growth of cells triggered by multiple growth factors and chemicals
IS reversible if the promoter substance is removed.P

27
Q

Oncogenic Virus

A

One that can induce cancer

28
Q

Four DNA viruses have been identified in human cancers

A

HPV
Epstein-Barr Virus
Hepatitis B virus
Human herpesvirus-8 (which causes Kaposi sarcoma in people with AIDS)

29
Q

HPV in cancer

A

Types 16 and 18 (most highly related to cervical cancer)
Less commonly 31, 33, 35, and 51

30
Q

EBV

A

Member of the herpes family
Implicated in the pathogenesis of four human cancers (Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, B-cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed people), Hodgkin lymphomaK

31
Q

Burkitt lymphoma

A

Tumor of the B lymphocytes is endemic in parts of East Africa and occurs sporadically in other areas world wide

32
Q

Tumor Markers

A

Antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells or substances released from normal cells in response to the presence of tumor.

33
Q

Serum markers that have proved most useful in clinical practice

A

hCG
Cancer antigen 125
PSA a-fetoprotein (AFP)
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Cluster of differentiation (CD) blood cell antigens

34
Q

hCG

A

USed for diagnosing, prescribing treatment and following the disease course in people with high risk gestational trophoblastic tumours

35
Q

PSA

A

Marker for prostate cancer

36
Q

CD Antigens

A

Markers for leukemia and lymphomas
Help to distinguish among T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and NK cells and immature variants of these cells

37
Q

Cancer Antigen CA125

A

Marker for ovarian cancer

38
Q

AFP

A

Synthesized by the fetal liver, yolk sac, and gastrointestinal tract and is the major serum protein in the fetus. Elevated levels are encountered in people with primary liver cancers and have also been observed in some testicular, ovarian, pancreatic, and stomach cancers

39
Q

CEA

A

Produced by embryonic tissue in the gut, pancreas, and liver and is elaborated by a number of different cancers. Elevated in 60-90% of colorectal carcinomas and 50-80% of pancreatic cancers, and 25-30% of gastric and breast tumorsm

40
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

Involves the use of antibodies to facilitate the identification of cell products or surface markersM

41
Q

Microarray Technologies

A

Use gene chips that can simultaneously perform miniature assays to detect and quantify the expression of large numbers of genes

42
Q

Antitumor antibiotics

A

Substances produced by bacteria that in nature appear to provide protection against hostile microorganisms. They bind directly to DNA and frequently undergo electron transfer reactions to generate free radicals in close proximity to DNA–resulting in damage

43
Q

DNA topoisomerase inhibitors

A

Block cell division by interfering with the action of the topoisomerase enzymes that break and rejoin phosphodiester in the DNA strands to prevent them from tangling during separation and unwinding of the double helix

44
Q

Indirect DNA-interacting agents

A

Include antimetabolites and mitotic spindle inhibitors

45
Q

Antimetabolites

A

Folic acid antagonists and purine and pyrimidine antagonists
Interrupt the biochemical pathways relating to nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis. Cause DNA damage

46
Q

Plant alkaloids

A

Include vinca alkaloids and taxanes
Drugs affecting the microtubule structures required for the formation of the cytoskeleton and mitotic spindle

47
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Made in laboratory and target specific proteins or antigens often found on cancer cells allowing for an attack on specific cells

48
Q

Immune inhibitors

A

Allow the body to recognize molecules on specific immune cells in order to create an immune response

49
Q

Cancer vaccines

A

Act by stimulating the immune system to fight a specific infection or disease
Hepatitis B and HPV

50
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Arise from the primordial neural crest tissue in the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla
Second most common malignancy in children

51
Q

Neuroblastomas secrete a large amount of _________

A

Catecholamines

52
Q
A

UNIT 2-Nurs316 (5 decks)

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