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UNIT 2-Nurs316 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is proper muscle mass maintained by?

A

Sufficient levels of insulin and insulin-like-growth factor-1

They both have the ability to stimulate growth and limit protein degradation

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2
Q

Most common cause of hypertrophy of the chamber of the heart

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension

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3
Q

Compensatory hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of a remaining organ or tissue after a portion has been surgically removed or becomes inactive.

If one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss.

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4
Q

Dilated Hypertrophy

A

The hypertrophied cells have a relatively greater increase in length than width

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5
Q

Pressure Overload as occurs with HTN

A

The hypertrophied cells have greater width than length

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6
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

Happens in tissues with cells that are capable of mitotic division, such as the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and glandular tissueh

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7
Q

What cells have limited hyperplastic growth

A

Neurons rarely divide which limits hyperplastic growth

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8
Q

Two common types of physiologic hyperplasia

A

hormonal and compensatory

eg. Breast and uterine enlargements during pregnancy are examples of physiologic hyperplasia that result from estrogen stimulation

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9
Q

What organ goes through hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

A

Pregnant uterus as a result of estrogen stimulation

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9
Q

What are most forms of non-physiologic hyperplasia due to?

A

Excessive hormonal stimulation

eg. excessive estrogen production causes endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal menstrual bleeding. increasing the risk of developing endometrial cancer

eg. Skin warts produced by certain virus such as HPV

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10
Q

Metaplasia

A

Represents a reversible change in which one adult cell (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type

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11
Q

What usually causes Metaplasia?

A

Chronic irritation and inflammation

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12
Q

Examples for Metaplasia

A

Adaptive substitution of stratified squamous epithelial cells for the ciliated columnar epithelial cells in he trachea and large airways.

Cervix undergoes metaplasia dye to the hormonal changes in puberty and chronic irritation

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13
Q

Dysplasia

A

Characterized by deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary n size, shape, and organization

Strongly implicated as a precursor for cancer

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14
Q

Myositis

A

Accumulation of beta-amyloid fragments– skeletal muscle disorder

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15
Q

von Gierke disease

A

Large amounts of glycogen accumulate in the liver and kidneys because of a deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate. Without thus enzyme the glycogen cannot be broken down to form glucose. Leads to an accumulation of glycogen but also a reduction in blood glucose levels

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16
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

Genetic disorder

Abnormal lipids accumulate in the brain and other tissues, causing motor and mental deterioration beginning at approximately 6 months of age, followed by death at 2-5 years of age.

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17
Q

Lipofuscin

A

yellow-brown pigment that results from the accumulation of the indigestible residues produced during normal turnover of cell structures.

Increases with age and is sometimes referred to as the wear-and-tear pigment.

More common in the heart, nerve, and liver cells than other tissues and is seen more often in conditions associated with atrophy of an organ

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18
Q

Most common exogenous pigments

A

Coal dust

Accumulation of carbon dust blackens the lung tissue and may cause serious lung damage

19
Q

Pathological Calcification

A

Involves the abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other minerals

20
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

Occurs in dead or dying tissue

Macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in injured tissue. Often visible to the naked eye as deposits range from gritty, sand-like grains to form, hard rock material

Often seen in areas of injury in the aorta and large blood vessels and damaged heart valves.

21
Q

Metastatic calcification

A

Occurs in normal tissue

Occurs in normal tissues as a result of increased serum calcium levels (hypercalcemia).

22
Q

Major cause of hypercalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism

23
Q

Which tissues are more vulnerable to radiation injury?

A

Rapidly diving cells of bone marrow and intestine

24
Q

Side effects of radiation therapy

A

Radiation Dermatitis is common
Necrosis of the skin
Impaired Wound Healing
Chronic radiation dermatitis

25
Q

Skin damage produced by UV radiation is thought to be caused by

A

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Damage to melanin-producing processes in the skin

26
Q

Xeoderma Pigmentosum

A

Genetic disorder
An enzyme needed to repair sunlight-induced DNA damage is lacking
Autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by extreme photosensitivity and an increased risk of skin cancer in sun-exposed skin

27
Q

A deficiency in ___________ increased lead absorption

A

Calcium, iron, or zinc

28
Q

Major targets of lead toxicity

A

RBC, GI tract, kidneys, and the nervous system

29
Q

Cardinal sign of lead toxicity

A

Anemia

30
Q

Free radicals

A

Highly reactive chemical species with an unpaired electron in the outer orbit of the molecule. Unstable and highly reactive. May disrupt and damage cells and tissues.

31
Q

Oxidative Stress

A

Condition that occurs when the generative reactive oxygen species exceeds the ability of the body to neutralize and eliminate ROS

Can lead to oxidation of cell components, activation of signal transduction pathways, and changes in gene and protein expression. DNA modification and damage can occur.

ALS

32
Q

Antioxidants

A

Natural and synthetic molecules that inhibit the reactions of ROS with biological structures or prevent the uncontrolled formation of ROS.

Include enzymatic and nonenzymatic compounds.

33
Q

Oxygen deprivation for brain cells to cause permanent damage

A

4-6 minutes of oxygen deprivation

34
Q

Calcium functions as an important ________ and _________ signal for many cell responses

A

second messenger and cytosolic signal

35
Q

Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis

A

Involves the activation of receptors such as tumor necrosis factor receptors and Fas Ligand receptor.

36
Q

Intrinsic pathway for apoptosis

A

Activated by conditions such as DNA damage, ROS, hypoxia, decreased ATP levels, cellular senescense, and activation of the p53 protein by DNA damage

37
Q

How is necrosis different from apoptosis

A

Causes loss of cell membrane and integrity and enzymatic breakdown of cell parts and triggers the inflammatory process. Necrosis often interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration.

38
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Occurs when some of the cells die byt their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed.

eg. Softening of the center of an abcess with discahrge of its contents

39
Q

Coagulation necrosis

A

Acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell.

Characteristic of hypoxic injury and is seen in infarcted areasI

40
Q

Infarction

A

Occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other source of blood supply exists

41
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Distinctive form of coagulative necrosis in which the deal cells persist indefinitely.

Most commonly found in the center of tuberculous granulomas or tubercles

42
Q

Gangrene

A

Considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis.
Dry or moist.D

43
Q

Dry Gangrene

A

BEcomes dry and shrinks and its color changes to dark brown or black. Spread is slow. Usually results from interference with the arterial blood supply to a part without interference with venous return and is a form of coagulative necrosis

44
Q

Wet Gangrene

A

Area is cold, swollen, and pulseless.
Skin is moist, black, and under tension
Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, anda foul odor is caused by bacteria action.
No normal line of demarcation between the normal and diseases tissues and the spread of tissue damage is rapid.
Systemic symptoms are sever and death may occur unless the condition can be arrested.
Confined mostly to extremeties.
Dry can convert to wet.

45
Q

Gas Gangrene

A

results from infection of devitalized tissues by one of several clostridium bacteria, most commonly clostridium perfringens.
Anaerobic and spore forming organsims are widespread in nature, paticularly in soil.
Prone to occur in trauma and compound fractures in which dirt and debris and embedded. Some speciies have been isolated in the stomach, gallbladder, intestine, vagina, and skin of healthy people.
Bubbles of hydrogen sulfide gas that form in the muscle. Serious and potentially fatal.
ABXare used to treat, and surgery for infected tissue.

UNIT 2-Nurs316 (5 decks)

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