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General Psychology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic make up of an individual organism.

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2
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable traits of characteristic of an organism as determined by the interactions of genetics and environmental factors.

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3
Q

Zygote

A

The single cell formed at conception from the union of an egg cell and a sperm sell.

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4
Q

How many chromosomes does each parent contribute at conception?

A

23 chromosomes each

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5
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of the cellular mechanisms that control gene expression of the ways that gene expression impacts health and behavior.

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6
Q

Stages of Prenatal Development:
Germinal Period

A

AKA zygotic period; represents the first two weeks of prenatal development.

The zygote experiences rapid cell division before implanting itself in the mother’s uterine wall.

By the end of this period, the zygote has developed into a cluster of cells called the embryo

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7
Q

Stages of Prenatal Development:
Embryonic Period

A

The 3rd - 8th week period of prenatal development.

Rapid growth and intensive cell differentiation.

Organs and major systems of the body form.

Genes of the sex chromosomes and hormonal influences also trigger the initial development of sex organs.

By the end of the embryonic period, the embryo has grown into over an inch in length, weighing about an ounce.

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8
Q

Stages of Prenatal Development:
Fetal Period

A

The 3rd month marks the start of the fetal period, the third and longest period of prenatal development.
Body systems are growing and maturing

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9
Q

Newborn Reflexes:
Grasping

A

Stroking the palm of a baby’s hand causes the baby to close his or her fingers in a grasp. The grasp reflex lasts until the baby is about 5 to 6 months old. A similar reflex in the toes lasts until 9 to 12 months.

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10
Q

Newborn Reflexes:
Rooting

A

This reflex starts when the corner of the baby’s mouth is stroked or touched. The baby will turn his or her head and open his or her mouth to follow and root in the direction of the stroking. This helps the baby find the breast or bottle to start feeding. This reflex lasts about 4 months.

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11
Q

Newborn Reflexes:
Sucking

A

Rooting helps the baby get ready to suck. When the roof of the baby’s mouth is touched, the baby will start to suck. This reflex doesn’t start until about the 32nd week of pregnancy and is not fully developed until about 36 weeks.

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12
Q

Which sense is the least developed at birth?

A

Vision

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13
Q

Temperament definition

A

Inborn predispositions to consistently behave and react in a certain way.

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14
Q

Temperaments:
Easy

A

Adaptable, Positive mood, regular sleeping/eating patterns

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15
Q

Temperaments:
Difficult

A

Intense emotions, irritable, cry frequently, irregular patterns.

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16
Q

Temperaments:
Slow to warmup

A

Low activity, withdraw from new situations/people, adapt to new experiences gradually.

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17
Q

Securely attached infants

A
  • explore the room when their mothers are present
  • become upset and explore less when their mothers are not present
  • show pleasure when their mothers return
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18
Q

Insecurely Attached Infants

A
  • less likely to explore the environment, even when their mothers are present
  • may appear anxious or indifferent to the mother, or extremely distressed
  • hard to soothe and may resist mother’s attempts to comfort them
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19
Q

Object permanence

A

Understanding that an object continues to exist even if it can’t be seen.

20
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development:
Sensorimotor (0-2 years)

A

Starts to understand object permanence.

First understanding of cause & effect relationships.

Development proceeds from reflexes to active use of sensory and motor skills to explore the environment.

21
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development:
Preoperational (2-7 years)

A

Symbolic thoughts emerge

Language development occurs (2-4 years)

Though an language both tend to be egocentric.

Cannot solve conservation problems.

Development proceeds from understanding simple cause & effect relationships to prelogical thought processes involving the use of imagination and symbols to represent objects, actions, and situations.

22
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development:
Concrete Operational (7-11 years)

A

Reversibility attained.

Can solve conservation problems.

Logical thought develops and is applied to concrete problems.

Cannot solve complex verbal problems and hypothetical problems.

Development proceeds from prelogical thought to logical solutions to concrete problems.

23
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development:
Formal Operational (Adolescence through adulthood)

A

Logically solves all types of problems.

Thinks scientifically.

Solves complex verbal and hypothetical problems.

Can think in abstract terms.

Development proceeds from logical solving of concrete problems to logical solving of all classes of problems, including abstract problems.

24
Q

Conservation

A

The understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even if the form or appearance is rearranged, as long as nothing is added or subtracted.

25
Q

Centration

A

Focus on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects.

26
Q

Irreversibility

A

Inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events

27
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to take another perspective or point of view.

28
Q

What is puberty?

A

Stage of adolescence in which individual reaches sexual maturity, becoming physiologically capable of sexual reproduction.

29
Q

Puberty:
Primary sex characteristics

A

Sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction.

30
Q

Puberty:
Secondary sex characteristics

A

Sexual characteristics that develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction.

31
Q

Puberty:
Adolescent growth spurt

A

Period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increases in height and weight.

32
Q

Puberty:
Menarche

A

First menstruation cycle (Average age 12.5 yrs old)

33
Q

Puberty:
Timing of puberty for girls

A

Starts around age 9

34
Q

Puberty:
Timing of puberty for boys

A

Starts around age 10

35
Q

Erickson’s theory of Psychosocial Development:
First stage (Infancy)

A

Trust v. Mistrust

36
Q

Erickson’s theory of Psychosocial Development:
Fifth stage (adolscence)

A

Identity v. Role confusion:
* Grapple with issues such as:
* Selecting a potential career
* Religious, moral, and political beliefs
* Interpersonal relationships and sexuality
* Suggested successful adolescent identify achievement path: role confusion - moratorium period - integrated identity

37
Q

Erickson’s theory of Psychosocial Development:
Eighth stage (Late adulthood)

A

Integrity v. Despair

38
Q

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning:
Preconventional

A

Moral reasoning is guided by external consequences. No internalization of values or rules
occurs.
* Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience
* “Right” is obeying the rules simply to avoid punishment because others have power over you and can punish you.
* Stage 2: Mutual Benefit
* “Right” is an even or fair exchange so that both
parties’ benefit. Moral reasoning is guided by a sense of “fair play.”

39
Q

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning:
Postconventional

A

Moral reasoning is guided by internalized legal and
moral principles that protect the rights of all members of society.
* Stage 5: Legal Principles
* “Right” is helping protect the basic rights of all
members of society by upholding legalistic
principles that promote the values of fairness,
justice, equality, and democracy.
* Stage 6: Universal Moral Principles
* “Right” is determined by self-chosen ethical
principles that reflect the person’s respect for ideals such as nonviolence, equality, and human dignity. If these moral principles conflict with democratically determined laws, the person’s self-chosen moral principles take precedence.

40
Q

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning:
Conventional

A

Moral reasoning is guided by conformity to social roles, rules, and expectations that the person has learned and internalized.
* Stage 3: Interpersonal Expectations
* “Right” is being a “good” person by conforming to social expectations, such as showing concern for others and following rules set by others so as to win their approval.
* Stage 4: Law and Order
* “Right” is helping maintain social order by doing one’s duty, obeying laws simply because they are laws, and showing respect for authorities simply because they are authorities.

41
Q

Menopause

A

Natural cessation of menstruation
Signals the end of reproductive capacity
Occurs any time from the late 30s to the early 50s

42
Q

Activity theory of Aging

A

The psychosocial theory that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain the level of activity they displayed earlier in life.

43
Q

Kubler-Ross 5- Stages of Dying:
Stage 1

A

Denial; they deny that death is imminent, perhaps insisting that their doctors are wrong or denying the seriousness of their illness.

44
Q

Kubler-Ross 5- Stages of Dying:
Stage 2

A

Anger; they feel and express anger that they are dying

45
Q

Kubler-Ross 5- Stages of Dying:
Stage 3

A

Bargaining; they try to “make a deal” with their doctors, relatives or God, promising to behave a certain way in order to be allowed to live.

46
Q

Kubler-Ross 5- Stages of Dying:
Stage 4

A

Depression; they become depressed

47
Q

Kubler-Ross 5- Stages of Dying:
Stage 5

A

Acceptance; they accept their fate.

General Psychology (6 decks)

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