Chapter 9 Flashcards
Domestication
ways that humans affected the reproduction of other species- so that plants and animals were more useful to humans
humans can have similar ______ in different ______ and different ___ in similar ______
lifeways
environments
ecological niche
how a pop has adapted in a community of organisms to survive and reproduce
evolutionary niche
takes into account the selective pressures in which a population is exposed
what are the two dynamics that relate an organism to its niche?
morphological and environmental
what was it like in the pre-agriculture stage?
small populations
large amount of land
clans / family structure
property ownership
gender labor roles
hunt fish gather
what were the gender roles in the pre-agricultural stage?
men - hunted
women - gathered
what would they gather in the pre-agricultural stage?
nuts berries bugs seeds roots
when did agriculture originate and where?
about 10 000 BCE
in south asia east asia southwest asia
agirculture
systematically modifying the environment in which crops are cultivated and animals maintained to ensure usefulness and productivity
agroecology
systematically modified environment that becomes the only environment within which domesticated plants can grow
- burn vegetation so that plants can grow
sedentism
refers to humans inhabiting one location rather than moving from place to place.
what is animal domestication?
the capturing and taming of wild animals - they are removed from their natural habitat and bred and raised for human benefit
domesticated animals become __________ on the ________ they are provided
dependent
modified niche
how was animal domestication spotted in the areological record? 4 ways
- animal present outside its natural range
- morphological changes present
- abrupt increase in population relative to other species
- age and sex (more males killed for meat)
when and where were dogs domesticated?
Germany - 14700 years ago
- used as hunting companions
earliest goat hearding evidence
11 000 yrs ago in iran
where were sheep domesticated?
turkey
where were cattle domesticated? and when
in asia and europe 11 000 yrs ago
how old are the oldest pig remains?
8000 yrs - asia
what is the difference between domestication and agriculture? why are they not the same?
domestication - humans interfere with the reproduction of a species and modify the gene and phenotypes. the animals become dependent on the humans
agriculture- the systematic modification of the environments of plants and animals to increase their productivity. it is a deliberate process and requires a new way of thinking. it reduces the economic risk
who were considered the first to domesticate plants and animals?
Natufian foragers in 12500 yrs ago
- they settled in permanent villages
- b/c they setttled they became dependant on local resources
what is social stratification?
a form of social organization where ppl have inequal access to wealth power and prestige
what were some of the consequences of domestication and sedentism?
- land becomes territory
- pop increase b/c of increased fertility
- disease inc
- surplus food
complex societies ________labor
divide and can specialize
monumental architecture is
large constructions (temples, pyramids) they show an increase in social complexity
what is a band?
- the basic characteristic of social organization found among foragers - small not usually more than 50
- labour divided by sex
what is a tribe?
- larger than a band
- usually farm or heard for a living
- chief usually has greater prestige - but not a lot more
- empahsis on kinship
- inheritance
what is a cheifdom?
the first human social form to show evidence of permanent inequalities of wealth and power and status
- cheif and close relatives have higher social status
- greater degree of control - centered around the chief
what is an empire/state?
a highly stratified and politically hierarchal society
- a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army
- run by an elite
what is the order of tribe size from smallest to biggest?
band - tribe - chiefdom - empire
