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Anthropology 101 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Domestication

A

ways that humans affected the reproduction of other species- so that plants and animals were more useful to humans

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2
Q

humans can have similar ______ in different ______ and different ___ in similar ______

A

lifeways
environments

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3
Q

ecological niche

A

how a pop has adapted in a community of organisms to survive and reproduce

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4
Q

evolutionary niche

A

takes into account the selective pressures in which a population is exposed

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5
Q

what are the two dynamics that relate an organism to its niche?

A

morphological and environmental

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6
Q

what was it like in the pre-agriculture stage?

A

small populations
large amount of land
clans / family structure
property ownership
gender labor roles
hunt fish gather

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7
Q

what were the gender roles in the pre-agricultural stage?

A

men - hunted
women - gathered

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8
Q

what would they gather in the pre-agricultural stage?

A

nuts berries bugs seeds roots

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9
Q

when did agriculture originate and where?

A

about 10 000 BCE
in south asia east asia southwest asia

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10
Q

agirculture

A

systematically modifying the environment in which crops are cultivated and animals maintained to ensure usefulness and productivity

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11
Q

agroecology

A

systematically modified environment that becomes the only environment within which domesticated plants can grow
- burn vegetation so that plants can grow

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12
Q

sedentism

A

refers to humans inhabiting one location rather than moving from place to place.

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13
Q

what is animal domestication?

A

the capturing and taming of wild animals - they are removed from their natural habitat and bred and raised for human benefit

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14
Q

domesticated animals become __________ on the ________ they are provided

A

dependent
modified niche

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15
Q

how was animal domestication spotted in the areological record? 4 ways

A
  • animal present outside its natural range
  • morphological changes present
  • abrupt increase in population relative to other species
  • age and sex (more males killed for meat)
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16
Q

when and where were dogs domesticated?

A

Germany - 14700 years ago
- used as hunting companions

17
Q

earliest goat hearding evidence

A

11 000 yrs ago in iran

18
Q

where were sheep domesticated?

A

turkey

19
Q

where were cattle domesticated? and when

A

in asia and europe 11 000 yrs ago

20
Q

how old are the oldest pig remains?

A

8000 yrs - asia

21
Q

what is the difference between domestication and agriculture? why are they not the same?

A

domestication - humans interfere with the reproduction of a species and modify the gene and phenotypes. the animals become dependent on the humans
agriculture- the systematic modification of the environments of plants and animals to increase their productivity. it is a deliberate process and requires a new way of thinking. it reduces the economic risk

22
Q

who were considered the first to domesticate plants and animals?

A

Natufian foragers in 12500 yrs ago
- they settled in permanent villages
- b/c they setttled they became dependant on local resources

23
Q

what is social stratification?

A

a form of social organization where ppl have inequal access to wealth power and prestige

24
Q

what were some of the consequences of domestication and sedentism?

A
  • land becomes territory
  • pop increase b/c of increased fertility
  • disease inc
  • surplus food
25
Q

complex societies ________labor

A

divide and can specialize

26
Q

monumental architecture is

A

large constructions (temples, pyramids) they show an increase in social complexity

27
Q

what is a band?

A
  • the basic characteristic of social organization found among foragers - small not usually more than 50
  • labour divided by sex
28
Q

what is a tribe?

A
  • larger than a band
  • usually farm or heard for a living
  • chief usually has greater prestige - but not a lot more
  • empahsis on kinship
  • inheritance
29
Q

what is a cheifdom?

A

the first human social form to show evidence of permanent inequalities of wealth and power and status
- cheif and close relatives have higher social status
- greater degree of control - centered around the chief

30
Q

what is an empire/state?

A

a highly stratified and politically hierarchal society
- a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army
- run by an elite

31
Q

what is the order of tribe size from smallest to biggest?

A

band - tribe - chiefdom - empire

Anthropology 101 (8 decks)

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