Chapter 10 Flashcards
what is social organization?
The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members
what is economic anthropology?
debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living.
how do anthropologists define making a living?
doing what is necessary to obtain the material things—food, clothing, shelter—that sustain human life.
economic activity is divided in to 3 distinct phases which are…
production
distribution
consumption
horticulturists depend on…
human power and simple tools
some social scientists do not agree on what the economy represents… what are the two views?
utilitarian - practical
holistic - focus on institutions
what is the phase of production?
the transformation of raw materials into products
what is the phase of distribution?
getting products to people
what is the phase of consumption?
using the products
exchange is central to….
capitalist free enterprise types of economy
marxism emphasizes the nature of __________ and why?
production bc it believes that production essentially shapes tha context in which exchange occurs
when did economics come into play? alongside what?
in the 1700s
along the industrial revolution
capitalism replaced what economic system?
- The feudal system - where wealth was according to social status
capitalism centers around a _________
free market - dependant upon supply and demand
a free market depends on __________
supply and demand
Neoclassical economics
- explains the workings of capitalist enterprise
- focus on distribution
- foundation of economics today
Some anthropologists argued that taking self-interested, materialistic decision making in the capitalist market as the prototype of human rationality was _____________________
ethnocentric
What were the two things that marcel Mauss contrasted?
Non-capitalist gift exchanges with commodity exchanges
what are gift exchanges
always require a gift return
- deeply embedded in social relations
what is the self intrest model?
the individual comes first
selfishness is natural
- resuourses will never be enoguht to satisfy people
what is the social model of human nature?
ppl identify with groups and cant imagine deviation from that group
what are institutions?
- stable and ending cultural practices that organize social life not on individuals
what is a commodity?
goods exchanged for cash
what happens in commodity exchange?
goods are exchanged for cash and traded for cash, and the partners have nothing to do with eachother.
what were sahlins three modes of exchange?
reciprocity
redistribution
market exchange
describe reciprocity
the exchange of goods and services of equal value
- three forms
what are the three forms of reciprocity?
generalized
balanced
negative
what is generalized reciprocity?
an exchange is carried out without specification of the return
what is balanced reciprocity?
a return of equal value at a specific time is expected
negative reciprocity
- at least one party attempts to get something for nothing
what is sahlins redistribution mode of exhange?
requires some form of centralized social organization to receive contributions from all members of the group and/or to redistribute all the contributions to provide for all group members
what is market exchange?
the exchange of goods in terms of a medium of exchange and carried out by means of supply and demand - the market
what are the three things involved in market exchange?
trade - the goods
money - the medium
the market - the supply/demand
marx says that _________ is the driving force behind the economy and that involves ________
production
labour
human labour is always ________________
social labour
what are wolfs modes of production
kin-ordered
tributary
capitalist
what is kin-ordered mode?
social labour is deployed on the basis of kinship relations
wolf
what is tibutary mode?
-wolf
- the primary producer gets access to means of production but must tribute in goods or labor
what is capitalist mode?
-wolf
- means of production are privately owned
what are the three consumption patterns?
internal - ppls basic needs
external - habitat
cultural - culture
The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living is known as
a.cultural anthropology
b.economic anthropology
c.political anthropology
d.institutional analysis
b economic anthropology
Although our physical survival depends on our making adequate use of the resources around us, our ________ tell(s) us which resources to use and how to use them
a.Environment
b.Instincts
c.Genes
d.Culture
D. culture
The traditional Western perspective of economy presumes that ________.
a.
economic decisions are embedded in cultural institutions
b.
individuals spend their resources in order to obtain the goods they want
c.
individuals aim to obtain as much satisfaction as possible at the largest possible cost
d.
individuals maximize their utility under conditions of scarcity
D
The three phases of economic activity generally accepted by anthropologists are ________.
a.
labour, value, supply-demand market
b.
institutions, values, and behaviours
c.
means of production, relations of production, and ideology
d.
production, distribution, and consumption
D
________ is well known for his anthropological analysis of non-capitalist gift
a.
Eric Wolf
b.
Karl Polanyi
c.
Marcel Mauss
d.
Karl Marx
C
The three historical and cross-cultural modes of exchange described by Marshall Sahlins are _______.
a.
reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange
b.
free exchange, barter exchange, and currency exchange
c.
potlatch, matrimonial exchange, and market exchange
d.
gift exchange, market purchase, and labour exchange
A
generalized reciprocity is when ________.
a.
exchange partners expect a return of equal value at some point in the future
b.
exchange partners expect a return of equal value within a specified time
c.
exchange takes place without the expectation of an immediate return and without specifying the value of the return
d.
at least one party attempts to get something for nothing without suffering any penalties
C
The condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs is known as affluence. True or False?
true
“Women’s wealth” in the Trobriand Islands refers to banana leaves. T/F
True
