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Anthropology 101 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what is social organization?

A

The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members

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2
Q

what is economic anthropology?

A

debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living.

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3
Q

how do anthropologists define making a living?

A

doing what is necessary to obtain the material things—food, clothing, shelter—that sustain human life.

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4
Q

economic activity is divided in to 3 distinct phases which are…

A

production
distribution
consumption

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5
Q

horticulturists depend on…

A

human power and simple tools

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6
Q

some social scientists do not agree on what the economy represents… what are the two views?

A

utilitarian - practical
holistic - focus on institutions

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7
Q

what is the phase of production?

A

the transformation of raw materials into products

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8
Q

what is the phase of distribution?

A

getting products to people

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9
Q

what is the phase of consumption?

A

using the products

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10
Q

exchange is central to….

A

capitalist free enterprise types of economy

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11
Q

marxism emphasizes the nature of __________ and why?

A

production bc it believes that production essentially shapes tha context in which exchange occurs

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12
Q

when did economics come into play? alongside what?

A

in the 1700s
along the industrial revolution

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13
Q

capitalism replaced what economic system?

A
  • The feudal system - where wealth was according to social status
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14
Q

capitalism centers around a _________

A

free market - dependant upon supply and demand

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15
Q

a free market depends on __________

A

supply and demand

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16
Q

Neoclassical economics

A
  • explains the workings of capitalist enterprise
  • focus on distribution
  • foundation of economics today
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17
Q

Some anthropologists argued that taking self-interested, materialistic decision making in the capitalist market as the prototype of human rationality was _____________________

A

ethnocentric

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18
Q

What were the two things that marcel Mauss contrasted?

A

Non-capitalist gift exchanges with commodity exchanges

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19
Q

what are gift exchanges

A

always require a gift return
- deeply embedded in social relations

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20
Q

what is the self intrest model?

A

the individual comes first
selfishness is natural
- resuourses will never be enoguht to satisfy people

21
Q

what is the social model of human nature?

A

ppl identify with groups and cant imagine deviation from that group

22
Q

what are institutions?

A
  • stable and ending cultural practices that organize social life not on individuals
23
Q

what is a commodity?

A

goods exchanged for cash

24
Q

what happens in commodity exchange?

A

goods are exchanged for cash and traded for cash, and the partners have nothing to do with eachother.

25
Q

what were sahlins three modes of exchange?

A

reciprocity
redistribution
market exchange

26
Q

describe reciprocity

A

the exchange of goods and services of equal value
- three forms

27
Q

what are the three forms of reciprocity?

A

generalized
balanced
negative

28
Q

what is generalized reciprocity?

A

an exchange is carried out without specification of the return

29
Q

what is balanced reciprocity?

A

a return of equal value at a specific time is expected

30
Q

negative reciprocity

A
  • at least one party attempts to get something for nothing
31
Q

what is sahlins redistribution mode of exhange?

A

requires some form of centralized social organization to receive contributions from all members of the group and/or to redistribute all the contributions to provide for all group members

32
Q

what is market exchange?

A

the exchange of goods in terms of a medium of exchange and carried out by means of supply and demand - the market

33
Q

what are the three things involved in market exchange?

A

trade - the goods
money - the medium
the market - the supply/demand

34
Q

marx says that _________ is the driving force behind the economy and that involves ________

A

production
labour

35
Q

human labour is always ________________

A

social labour

36
Q

what are wolfs modes of production

A

kin-ordered
tributary
capitalist

37
Q

what is kin-ordered mode?

A

social labour is deployed on the basis of kinship relations
wolf

38
Q

what is tibutary mode?

A

-wolf
- the primary producer gets access to means of production but must tribute in goods or labor

39
Q

what is capitalist mode?

A

-wolf
- means of production are privately owned

40
Q

what are the three consumption patterns?

A

internal - ppls basic needs
external - habitat
cultural - culture

41
Q

The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living is known as
a.cultural anthropology
b.economic anthropology
c.political anthropology
d.institutional analysis

A

b economic anthropology

42
Q

Although our physical survival depends on our making adequate use of the resources around us, our ________ tell(s) us which resources to use and how to use them
a.Environment
b.Instincts
c.Genes
d.Culture

A

D. culture

43
Q

The traditional Western perspective of economy presumes that ________.
a.
economic decisions are embedded in cultural institutions
b.
individuals spend their resources in order to obtain the goods they want
c.
individuals aim to obtain as much satisfaction as possible at the largest possible cost
d.
individuals maximize their utility under conditions of scarcity

A

D

44
Q

The three phases of economic activity generally accepted by anthropologists are ________.

a.
labour, value, supply-demand market
b.
institutions, values, and behaviours
c.
means of production, relations of production, and ideology
d.
production, distribution, and consumption

A

D

45
Q

________ is well known for his anthropological analysis of non-capitalist gift
a.
Eric Wolf
b.
Karl Polanyi
c.
Marcel Mauss
d.
Karl Marx

A

C

46
Q

The three historical and cross-cultural modes of exchange described by Marshall Sahlins are _______.
a.
reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange
b.
free exchange, barter exchange, and currency exchange
c.
potlatch, matrimonial exchange, and market exchange
d.
gift exchange, market purchase, and labour exchange

A

A

47
Q

generalized reciprocity is when ________.
a.
exchange partners expect a return of equal value at some point in the future
b.
exchange partners expect a return of equal value within a specified time
c.
exchange takes place without the expectation of an immediate return and without specifying the value of the return
d.
at least one party attempts to get something for nothing without suffering any penalties

A

C

48
Q

The condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs is known as affluence. True or False?

A

true

49
Q

“Women’s wealth” in the Trobriand Islands refers to banana leaves. T/F

A

True

Anthropology 101 (8 decks)

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