Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of anthropologists that study the past?

A

Paleoanthropologists and archeologists

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2
Q

what do Paleoanthropologists focus on?

A

skeletal fossils and genetic remains
- compare us to our ancestors

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3
Q

What Do archeologists focus on?

A

reconstructing changes in past human societies using the archeological record (all human material and objects) - long term perspective - determine the how and why

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4
Q

Archaeological record

A

The record consists of material evidence of human modification of the physical environment.

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5
Q

what are the 3 main goals of archeology?

A
  • reconstruct how humans lived in the past
  • identify how cultures have changed
  • understand the influence of changes
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6
Q

What is the archaeological process and what are the main methods?

A
  • scientific methods used from biologists and geologists
  • dig
  • identify precise location of remains
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7
Q

what are processual archeologists?

A
  • view archeology as an objective - empirical science
  • use math to determine distribution of materials
  • emphasize human adaptations to different environments
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8
Q

what are post-processual archaeologists?

A
  • emphasize human agency and ideas and values when they study past cultures
  • stress symbolism
  • examine power, domination, internal contradictions
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9
Q

what is an archeological survey?

A
  • a physical examination of geographical regions to determine is they are promising sites
  • walk area, research, photograph
  • use GPR and GIS systems to show buried remains
  • dont harm the area
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10
Q

what are artifacts?

A

objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by humans or hominin ancestors

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11
Q

what are features?

A

non-portable items created by humans (house)

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12
Q

what are ecofacts?

A

biological remains that are likely associated with food consumption or other human activities

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13
Q

when an object is found they record three things, what are they?

A

the matrix
the provenance
the other remains around it

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14
Q

what is the immediate matrix?

A

soil, gravel, clay, sand

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15
Q

what is the provenance?

A

the 3D position of the artifact found

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16
Q

Stratigraphy is what?

A

In archaeology, stratigraphy is the layering of soil and other materials in the earths surface. This layering can be naturally caused (e.g. by geological processes) or artificially caused (e.g. by someone digging a well that has since filled in).

17
Q

ethnoarchaeology

A

the study of the way present day societies use artifacts and structures and how those objects became part of the archeological record.

18
Q

Taphonomy

A

the study of how the various processes that may have affected the formation of a particular site

19
Q

what is another name for the post-processual archologists?

A

interpretive

20
Q

what is GPR?

A

remote senstivity technology

21
Q

what is GIS?

A

Geographic Info Systems

22
Q

what is excavation?

A
  • we use it when we want to know a lot about a little area of a site
  • the systematic uncovering of arch. remains through careful removal of the matrix (soil)
23
Q

what is substinance?

A

food
clothes
shelter
basic needs

24
Q

what are substiance strategies?

A

the ways people meet their basic needs - basically how humans lived and survived in the past

25
Q

What three factors do anthropologists need to know in order to study the major transformation in human material adaptations?

A

Ecological factors (e.g. climate change/environmental change)
Economic factors (e.g. emergence of agriculture)
Sociocultural factors (e.g. emergence of complex societies and change in human’s life ways)

26
Q

Ecological factors

A

climate change/environmental change

27
Q

Economic factors

A

emergence of agriculture

28
Q

Sociocultural factors

A

(e.g. emergence of complex societies and change in human’s life ways)

29
Q

what are the two ways that anthropologists divide their societies into?

A
  • food collectors
  • food producers
30
Q

what is the difference between food collectors and food producers?

A

collectors - gather, fish, hunt
producers - depend on domesticated plants animals or both

31
Q

what are pastoralists?

A

animal herders

32
Q

what are farmers?

A
  • people who cultivate crops using extensive, intensive, and mechanized agriculture
33
Q

what is extensive agriculture?

A

cultivate small plots that are moved each year

34
Q

what is intensive agriculture?

A

use plows animals irrigation and large land

35
Q

what is mechanized agriculture?

A

food production on a large scale - depend on technology

36
Q

what is feminist archeology?

A

recognizes that traditional approaches have often ignored the presence of women.

37
Q

what is gender archaeology?

A

questions then binary male-female distinction
-looks into variation in sex and gender

38
Q

what is cosmopolitanism?

A
  • move comfortably between cultural settings - different cultures may view artifacts differently
  • used to question western approaches.