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Psych 105 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

language

A

consists of a system of symbols and rules, difference of subject verb object ordering

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2
Q

psycholingusistics

A

the scientific study of the psychological aspects of language

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3
Q

dialects

A

differences in accent and inflection

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4
Q

symbols

A

use of sounds, signs, or gestures to form and transfer mental ideas, ex-the idea of ball

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5
Q

grammar

A

the set of rules that dictate how symbols can be combined to create units of information, like subject verb object order

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6
Q

semantics

A

understanding what people mean with context and cultural cues

i’m gonna drop a bomb in the toilet is not literal

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7
Q

generativity

A

symbols can be combined into an infinite number of messages with novel meanings

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8
Q

displacement

A

refers to the fact that language allows us to communicate about events and objects that are not physically present

talking about the past, future, or imaginary events

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9
Q

syntax

A

rules for connecting symbols, grammar

does is homework have you?-this conveys no info bc it does not have syntax

they are cooking apples can have 2 meanings-apples for cooking or people cooking apples

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10
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest units of sound recognized as separate in a given language, do not correspond to an alphabet, different languages can have different numbers of these

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11
Q

morphemes

A

smallest units of meaning, english has 46 phonemes but over 100k morphemes, some can be single letters like “S” implying multiple of something, others can be words like hat

hyperthomia-hypo, not enough-therm,heat-ia, disorder

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12
Q

role of bottom up language processing

A

individual elements are analyzed and combined, sounding out a sentence to a child, sensory memory to LTM

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13
Q

role of top down language processing

A

information interpreted in light of existing knowledge, everyone does it differently, retrieving info from the LTM, things like perceiving when a sentence starts and ends

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14
Q

pragmatics

A

the social context of language, knowing what “can i see you again?” means

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15
Q

broca’s area

A

speech production

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16
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

speech comprehension

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17
Q

aphasia

A

damage to wernickie or broca’s area

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18
Q

language acquisition support system

A

social factors in an environment that facilitates language learning

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19
Q

children go through the same 5 stages of language acquision

A

cooing, babbling, single words, 2 words, telegraphic speech

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20
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

language determines what we are capable of thinking, in chinese there is no differentiation of gender so a language like spanish becomes harder to learn

also futured vs non futured languages

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21
Q

Language can influence thinking such as:

A

perception, decisions, conclusions drawn,

sexist language will influence one

22
Q

propositional thought

A

expresses propositional statement of facts, less concrete, think that rabbit or duck image

im hungry

23
Q

imaginal thought

A

consists of what we hear, feel, and sense

24
Q

motoric thought

A

relates to mental representations of motor movements, spatial awareness, aiming and throwing an object

25
propositions
statements the express ideas, consists of concepts combined in a particular way
26
concepts
basic elements of memory, you need understanding and context of the word to visualize and process it, the concepts of cat and dog are separate, they are like the building blocks of thinking and reasoning if all billionaires are bad people, and elon musk is a billionaire, then you could propose elon musk is a bad person
27
prototypes
the most elementary method of forming concepts, only notes similarities a kid learning what a car is and thinking any motor vehicle is now a car because it has wheels, is made of metal, and moves
28
deductive reasoning
eliminating known possibilities to a conclusion, assumes general principles of a case if the cat food is gone and the cat is looking fatter than usual, people will deduct that the cat ate the food and not that aliens surgically put the food into the cat
29
inductive reasoning
start with specific facts to try and develop a general principle, start with factual information, evaluate facts, the formulate a general principle
30
distraction by information
failure to focus only on relevant information
31
belief bias
abandon logical rules in favor of personal beliefs, anti vaxxers or even just feeling that one option is correct
32
emotions and framing
refers to the idea that the same information, problem, or options and structures can be presented in different ways andrew tate based vs, he is an actual horrible person
33
insight
all or nothing revelation, a representational change of the problem i stopped talking to him for no reason vs. i learned what he did and became afraid of him and ran away
34
4 stages of problem solving
1. interpret frame and understand the problem 2. generate hypotheses or possible solutions 3. test the solutions, seeking to disconfirm 1 or more of them 4. evaluate results, and if necessary, revise 1, 2 and 3
35
framing
mental representations a rigid frame can cause problems
36
generating solutions
which procedures and explanations will be considered, what is consistent with the evidence
37
mental set
tendency to stick to solutions that have worked in the past, fixated with an approach if it has been successful in the past, rigid think that circle number problem, 8-2, 9-1, 4-0
38
expert
has a large number of schemas to guide problem solving in their field
39
expertise
feature detectors, expert neurons, aka become big brain changes the way you frame problems, chess isn't per move, but a sequence
40
algorithms
formulas or procedures that automatically generate correct solutions, math and chemical formulas
41
heuristic
general problem solving strategies we apply to certain situations mental shortcuts means-ends analysis finding an address and knowing what part of the city its in
42
anchoring
comparing all subjects after the one that came before tier lists are formed off their impression of the first thing that they tried costco putting all the expensive stuff at the front so everything else seems cheaper
43
availability heuristic
judgement and decisions are based on the availability of information in memory, just bc something is in the forefront of your memories does not mean it frequently happens the novices is more confident than the expert because they do not know how little they know
44
scripts
the general expectation of whats gonna happen my barista song and dance
45
wisdom
system of knowledge about conduct of life, knowledge is knowing that a tomato is a fruit, wisdom is not putting it into fruit salad
46
mental imagery
originates in the brain, things like mental rotation, folding, analog info (the actual thing), conceptual information (representing an idea with words)
47
meta cognition
knowing your own cognitive abilities
48
meta comprehension
accurately judging what you do and don't know
49
meta memory
awareness and knowledge of memories
50
Galton Intelligence can be measured by Sensorimotor abilities
Grip Strength Accuracy of smell detection How far you can see
51
Binet Intelligence quotient, IQ
Measures “mental age”, how well you can think (Mental age/chronological age) x100 (12/10) x100=120

Psych 105 (11 decks)

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