Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psych 105 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

what is abnormal??

A

it is relative but generally
The personal values of a given diagnostician
The expectations of the culture in which a person currently lives
The expectations of the person’s culture of origin
General assumptions about human nature
Statistical deviation from the norm
Harmfulness, suffering, and impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Social Construct 3 D’s

A

Distressing-to self or others
can be internal or external

Dysfunctional- for person or society
things like not being able to hold normal relationships

Deviant-violates social norms
pissing on the train

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Demonological View

A

Abnormal behaviour = result of supernatural forces
Possessed by a spirit
Treatment
Trephination - ‘hole in the skull’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Early biological views of mental illness

A

Mental illnesses are diseases like physical illness that effect the brain (Hippocrates, 5th Century B.C.)

Breakthrough-early 1900s moved away from the devil stuff and treated ppl like humans, demystifying it.
General paresis - caused by syphilis
Disorders linked to physical causes
Current - physiological & psychological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Each of us has some degree (range) of vulnerability for developing a psychological disorder, given sufficient stress

a combo of being vulnerable(internal) and getting triggered (external)`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

reliability

A

Means that clinicians using the system should show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic decisions.

consistency of measured items, can be assessed by diff ppl and get the same results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

validity

A

Means that the diagnostic categories should accurately capture the essential features of the various disorders

measures the proper items, my math grade is not reflective of my psych grade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The DSM-5: Integrating Categorical and Dimensional Approaches

A

Integrating Categorical and Dimensional Approaches
Detailed behaviour must be present for diagnosis
moved away from categorization to a spectrum model
you have autism->you have 6/10 traits for autism, not real by yk

Five axes / dimensions
Assess both person & life situation
the stuff that is measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Axis I: Clinical Symptoms

A

Diagnosis (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, social phobia)

has some of the dsm4 categorization like negative affect, withdrawal, psychoticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Axis II: Developmental & Personality Disorders

A

E.g., autism, mental retardation (typically first evident in childhood )
Personality disorders
Long lasting & encompass way of interacting with the world
E.g., Paranoid, Antisocial, Borderline Personality Disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Axis III: Physical Conditions

A

E.g., brain injury or HIV/AIDS that can result in symptoms of mental illness

even things like long covid is associated with depression and suicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Axis IV: Severity of Psychosocial Stressors

A

E.g., death of a loved one, starting a new job, college, unemployment, marriage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Axis V: Highest Level of Functioning

A

Level of functioning both at present time & highest level within previous year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Social & Personal issues in Diagnostic Labelling

A

the dsm 5 is only really used in NA

Becomes too easy to accept label as description of the individual
May accept the new identity implied by the label
May develop the expected role and outlook

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

legal consequences of diagnostic labelling

A

Involuntary commitment
Loss of civil rights
Indefinite detainment

these can be anything from getting meds and accommodation to getting institutionalized

for crimes:
Competency
State of mind at time of a judicial hearing
Insanity
State of mind at time crime was committed-truly believing that the person you killed was satan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

the most common disorder

normal when the anxiety experienced is proportional to the stressor, disorder when the response outweighs it and interferes with daily life

Phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

components of anxiety disorders

A

emotional symptoms-feelings of tension and apprehension

cognitive-worry, thoughts abt inability to cope

physiological-increased heartrate, muscle tension, etc

behavioral-avoidance of feared situations, decreased task performance, increased startle response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

phobic disorder

A

Strong, irrational fears of objects or situations
Most develop during childhood, adolescence, young adulthood
Seldom go away on their own
Can intensify over time
Degree of impairment
Depends on how often condition is encountered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

most common phobias in western society

A

Agoraphobia
Fear of open spaces, public places
Social phobias
Fear of certain situations, can be generalized or specific
Specific phobias
Fear of specific objects such as animals or situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

State of diffuse, ‘free-floating’ anxiety
Not tied to specific situation; condition
Feeling of something is going to happen; don’t know what
5% of population between 15-45 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

panic disorder

A

Occur suddenly, unpredictably, intense
May occur with or without agoraphobia
Fear of future attacks
3.5% of population

symptoms- cant breathe, hyperventilation, general fear, can’t think straight, dissociation

it becomes a disorder when you have to worry about them randomly happening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

Obsessions = cognitive component
Repetitive & unwelcome thoughts
Compulsions = behavioural component
Repetitive behavioural responses
2.5% of population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

neuroscience of OCD

A

Executive dysfunction model
Problem with impulse control and behavioural inhibition
Involvement of prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus
Modulatory control model
Dysfunction in orbitofrontal cortex and associated areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Causal Factors in
Anxiety Disorders and OCD

A

biological-low levels of GABA can cause a highly reactive nervous system

gender diff-emerges that females exhibit more as early as 7 years old

psychodynamic-neurotic anxiety impulses threaten to overwhelm ego’s defenses

cognitive-maladaptive thoughts and beliefs appraise things catastrophically-leads to spiralling

25
panic attacks
a process in which normal manifestations of anxiety are appraised catastrophically, ultimately resulting in a full-blown panic attack eliciting stimuli->physiological response->catatrophic appraisial "im gonna _______"->panic attack
26
learning explanations of Anxiety disorders and OCD
Classical conditioning: Associating an object or situation with pain and trauma Modeling Learning by watching others, if you see ur mom scared of dogs the kid will be likely to be afraid of dogs too
27
sociocultural factors of anxiety disorders and OCD
Culture defines what is important Some disorders are ‘culturally bound’ Fear of offending someone; fear of being fat
28
Anorexia Nervosa
Intense fear of being fat Severely restrict food intake 90% are female A potentially life-threatening disorder
29
dysphoria vs dysmorphia
dysmorphia- what one sees isn't consistent with reality dysphoria-discomfort with body, but sees it as it is
30
Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia
Environmental, psychological, biological Common in industrialized cultures (beauty equated with thinness) Objectification theory Cultural emphasis on viewing one’s body as object Personality factors Anorexics - Abnormally high achievement standards Bulimics - Depressed, anxious Genetics Higher concordance rate among identical twins
31
depression
mood/affective disorder Depression Is not a ‘case of the blues’ or ‘having a bad day’ Clinical depression = frequency, intensity, duration of symptoms is out of proportion to situation Major depression Unable to function effectively Dysthymia Chronic disruption of mood
32
symptoms of affective disorders
emotional-sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, inability to enjoy, negative mood state cognitive-negative cognitions abt self and world, disordered cognition/belief motivational-lack of interest and drive, difficulty starting things somatic-loss of appetite, lack of energy, sleep difficulties, weight loss/gain
33
bipolar disorder
depression alternates with mania- Euphoric mood, grandiose cognitions Rapid speech
34
Prevalence and Course of Mood Disorders
depression is on the rise in young groups The onset of depression increasing in 15- to 19-year-olds and in the 18 -25 age range People born after 1960 are Ten times more likely to experience depression than are their grandparents Even though their grandparents have lived much longer this could be due to higher diagnosis or bc of the increasing complexity of the world
35
gender differences for mood disorders
Women twice as likely to suffer from unipolar depression Women are most likely to suffer their first episode of depression in their 20s, men in their 40s No differences for bipolar disorder
36
biological explanation of depression
underactivity of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
37
biological explanation of bipolar disorder
Stronger genetic component than unipolar depression 50% have relative with disorder Concordance rate is 5 times higher among identical twins compared to fraternal twins Manic disorders - overactivity of neurotransmitters?
38
Depressive Cognitive Triad
Negative thoughts concerning: The world Oneself The future Cannot suppress negative thoughts Recall more failures vs. successes
39
Depressive Attributional Pattern
Success = factors outside self Negative outcomes = personal factors Learned Helplessness People expect bad events will occur and they can’t cope with them
40
impact of learning on depression
Loss of reinforcement Depression occurs Causes loss of social support Deeper depression a harsher environment increases the likelihood of mental illness
41
environmental impact on depression
poor parenting, many stressful experiences, failure to develop good coping skills, failure to develop positive self concept
42
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Hypochondriasis Unduly alarmed, feel like they are ill without an actual cause Pain disorder Out of proportion Conversion disorder Sudden neurological problems
43
Dissociative Disorders
separation from thoughts/self, numbness Psychogenic amnesia Selective memory loss following trauma Psychogenic fugue Loss of all personal identity Dissociative identity disorder 2 or more separate personalities
44
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Each identity is unique Own set of memories, ideas, thoughts One identity may be protector; another a child DID generally results from severe traumatic experience during early childhood
45
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia = ‘split-mind’ positive/added sypmtoms-hallucinations/delusions negative/taking symptoms-disorganized speech or disordered movement emotions-blunted or inappropriate affect
46
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Paranoid Delusions of persecution; grandeur Disorganized Confusion; incoherence Catatonic Severe motor disturbances Undifferentiated Not easily classified as one of above
47
type 1 schizophrenia
Predominance of positive symptoms Pathological extremes Delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech & thought easier to treat bc it's dopamine linked
48
type 2 schizophrenia
Predominance of negative symptoms Absence of normal reactions Lack of emotion, expression, motivation harder to treat
49
Schizophrenia: Environmental factors
Stressful life events Family dynamics Vulnerability factor & negative reactions from others High in expressed emotion High levels of criticism High levels of hostility Overinvolvement in person’s life
50
Schizophrenia: Sociocultural Factors
Social Causation Hypothesis Higher levels of stress among low-income Social Drift Hypothesis As functioning deteriorates- drift down socio-economic ladder self-fulfilling cycle
51
Personality Disorders
Exhibit stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving 10 to 15 percent of adults in the United States, Canada, and European countries may have personality disorders
52
Six personality disorders in the DSM-5
Antisocial Personality Disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Avoidant personality disorder Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Schizotypal personality disorder first 3 are part of the dark triad, aka can ruin relationships easier
53
Antisocial Personality Disorder
most destructive, exhibit little anxiety or guilt, "psychos", cannot delay gratification, doesn't have to actually be antisocial can be cause by genetics, brain injury, basically the opposite of depression, no conditioned fear responses to social cues, failure to anticipate long term consequences
54
Borderline Personality Disorder-BPD
Instability in behaviour, emotion, identity Emotional dysregulation Inability to control negative emotions Intense and unstable personal relationships Anger, loneliness, emptiness Impulsive behaviour Running away, promiscuity, drug abuse seeks chaos as a form of sensory seeking
55
ADHD
Attentional difficulties Hyperactivity-impulsivity 7-10% of North American children Genetic predispositions Brain scans = no consistent differences with normals Why? Multifaceted disorder and interplay of environmental factors
56
Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Extreme unresponsiveness to others Poor communication skills Lack of social responsiveness Repetitive and stereotyped behaviours Some exhibit savant abilities associated with abnormal development in the cerebellum
57
Dementia in Old Age
Gradual loss of cognitive abilities Accompanies brain deterioration E.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Diseases Senile Dementia Dementia that begins after age 65 2:1 female-male ratio Onset is typically gradual
58
Alzheimer’s Disease
60% of dementias Deterioration in frontal, temporal lobes Plaques in brain Destruction of acetylcholine

Psych 105 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions