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APHuG > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

3 reasons consumption of food varies

A

level of development, physical conditions, cultural preferences

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2
Q

How many calories needed a day

A

1,844

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3
Q

Average calorie consumption worldwide

A

2,902

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4
Q

How many people are undernourashed

A

803 milion

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5
Q

What percent of undernourished in developing countries

A

98%

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6
Q

The greatest challenge to food security

A

food prices

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7
Q

percent of income spent on food in developed countries

A

20%

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8
Q

percent of income spent on food in developing countries

A

40%

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9
Q

4 reasons for high food costs

A

poor weather, high demand, smaller growth productivity, and use of crops as biofuels instead of food (mostly latin america)

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10
Q

High food prices caused

A

high land prices

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11
Q

Most common form of food over the world

A

cereal grains

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12
Q

Three leading cereal grains

A

wheat, maize, and rice (90%)

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13
Q

what percent of food consumed is cereal grains

A

40%

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14
Q

primary source of protein in developing countries

A

cereal grains

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15
Q

primary source of protein in developed countries

A

meat

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16
Q

Fraction of protein that is meat developed vs developing countries

A

Developed: 1/3
developing: 1/10

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17
Q

How many hunter gatherers are there today

A

quarter million or less

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18
Q

Where do hunter gatherers today live

A

isolated groups on periphery of world settlement

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19
Q

When was the first agricultural revolution

A

8000 BCE

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20
Q

Why did the first agricultural revolution happen

A

worlds population growed more rapidly, environmental and cultural factors as well

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21
Q

Environmental factors for first agricultural revolution

A

The end of the last ice age - redistribution of humans

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22
Q

Cultural factors for first agricultural revolution

A

preference for living in a fixed place and not always having to move around

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23
Q

Southwest Asia agricultural hearth of…

A

10,000 years ago. barley, wheat, lentil, and olive
btwn 8,000 and 9,000 yrs ago. cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep
12,000 yrs ago. dog

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24
Q

east asia agricultural hearth of…

A

10,000+ yrs ago. rice
millet

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25
Q

central and south america agricultural hearth of…

A

4,000 yrs ago. chickens
horse

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26
Q

sub-saharan africa agricultural hearth of…

A

8,000 yrs ago. sorghum
yams
millet and rice maybe independently of asia

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27
Q

latin america agricultural hearth of…

A

4,000 to 5,000 yrs ago. mexico - beans and cotton
peru - potato
maize - both independently

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28
Q

percent of workers directly engaged with farming in developed countries

A

3%

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29
Q

percent of workers directly engaged with farming in developing countries

A

35%

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30
Q

USA: % farmers, %workers in food industry

A

1%, 10%

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31
Q

US farmers today

A

2 million

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32
Q

When was first all iron plow made

A

1770s

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33
Q

avg farm size in US

A

178 hectacres

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34
Q

avg south asia farm size

A

1 hectacre

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35
Q

Agricultural regions in developing countries (5)

A

intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant; intensive subsistence, wet rice not dominant; pastoral nomadism; shifting cultivation; and plantation

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36
Q

Agricultural regions in developed countries (6)

A

mixed crop and livestock, dairy, grain, livestock ranching, mediterranean, commercial gardening

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37
Q

small farm, not much machinery, no land wasted, double cropping

A

intensive subsistence

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38
Q

dry summers and harsh winters, mostly wheat and barley, land worked mostly by human power,

A

wet rice not dominant

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39
Q

flat land, done by hand, SE China, E India, and SE Asia

A

wet rice dominant

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40
Q

4 steps of wet rice farming

A
  1. field prepared
  2. field flooded (called sawah or paddy)
  3. rice seedlings grown for month in nursery and then brought to paddy
  4. rice plants are harvested with knives
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41
Q

2 main features of shifting cultivation

A

slash and burn and frequent relocation

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42
Q

Crops of shifting cultivation

A

Change in each village

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43
Q

Animals in pastoral nomadism

A

cattle(dry lands), camels (arid), goats(need water and tough), sheep(slow and selective)

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44
Q

Who owns plantations

A

people in developed countries

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45
Q

What is grown on plantations

A

cotton, coffee, rubber, tobacco, and sugarcane

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46
Q

What percent of calories are fish eaten

A

1%

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47
Q

major crop on most farmed

A

grain

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48
Q

fraction of wheat production developing countries produce

A

over 1/2

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49
Q

3 areas in the US where grain production is concentrated

A

winter wheat belt - kansas, colorado, and oklahoma
spring wheat belt - dakotas, montana, southern saskatchewan
palouse region of washington state

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50
Q

lands that border medeteranian and california, sea winds and moderate winters, olives and grapes

A

mediterranean agriculture

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51
Q

SE USA, long growing season, humid climate, sometimes called truck farming, fruits and vegetables

A

commercial gardening

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52
Q

top three meat producers

A

china, USA, Brazil

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53
Q

Animals grazing, growing in developing countries, but diminishing in USA

A

Livestock ranching

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54
Q

closer to cities, product perishes quickly,

A

dairy farming

55
Q

2 distinctive features of dairy farming

A

labor intensive and winter feed costs a lot of money

56
Q

have crops and animals, crops feed animals, year round work
high yield per ares

A

mixed livestock and crop

57
Q

first ring of von thunen model

A

market gardens and dairy- perishes quickly

58
Q

second ring of von thunen model

A

timber - heavy

59
Q

third ring of von thunen model

A

various crops and pasture

60
Q

fourth ring of von thunen model

A

animal grazing - need space

61
Q

2 sources of Californiaś limited water

A

surface water is not as much and groundwater is not as much

62
Q

How much money has us averaged in farm subsidies

A

$20 billion

63
Q

3 us government policies on improving financial position of farmers

A

farmers encouraged to avoid crops with excess supply
government pays farmers when certain commodity prices are low
government buys surplus production and sells/donates to other countries

64
Q

3 types of tillage to keep topsoil on farms

A

conservation tillage, no tillage, and ridge tillage

65
Q

percent of farmland that is organic

A

1%

66
Q

Leading country in organic agriculture

A

Australia

67
Q

Amount of money spent on organic food

A

$50 billion

68
Q

sensitive to complexities of biological and economic independicies btwn crops and livestock, growing, all natural

A

organic agriculture

69
Q

Does USA require GMO Labeling

A

no

70
Q

Countries with GMO labelling

A

China, India, and most European countries

71
Q

3 reasons Africa is opposed to GMOs

A

health problems, export problems, increased dependence on the USA

72
Q

4 reasons GMOs are good

A

higher yields, increased nutrition, more pest resistance, and sometimes better taste

73
Q

When did green revolution happen

A

1970s and 1980s

74
Q

2 practices of green revolution

A

higher yield seeds and more use of fertalizers

75
Q

3 critical elements in soil

A

nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

76
Q

most common fertalizer in Europe and percent nitrogen

A

Urea - 46%

77
Q

most common fertalizer in US and percent nitrogen

A

Ammonia - 82%

78
Q

Where did second agricultural revolution start

A

UK

79
Q

When did second agricultural revolution start

A

17th century

80
Q

Why did the second agricultural revolution happen

A

improvement in crop rotation and breeding of livestock

81
Q

5 stages of land fallowing

A
  1. forest fallow
  2. bush fallow
  3. short fallow
  4. annual cropping
  5. multi-cropping
82
Q

how many hectacres have been degraded around the world through deserification

A

2 billion

83
Q

how many hectacres in the USA have been lost due to urbanization

A

200,000

84
Q

most threatend land in US located in

A

maryland

85
Q

areas where drugs are grown most

A

latin america and asia

86
Q

percent of worlds opium from afghanistan

A

90%

87
Q

United States Public Law 480, the Agricultural, Trade, and Assistance act of 1954

A

provided sale of grain at low interest rates

88
Q

leading importer of food

A

japan

89
Q

leading exporter of grain

A

USA

90
Q

agribusiness

A

commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations

91
Q

agricultural revolution

A

the process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

92
Q

agriculture

A

the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earths surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain

93
Q

aquaculture

A

the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

94
Q

cash crop

A

a crop that is grown for sale rather than for the farmers own use

95
Q

cereal grain

A

a grass that yields grain for food

96
Q

columbian exchange

A

the transfer of plants and animals as well as people culture and technology between the western hemisphere and europe as a result of eurpean colonization and trade

97
Q

commercial agriculture

A

agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

98
Q

market gardening and fruit farming

A

relitively small scale production of fruits and vegetables and other horticulture

99
Q

conservation tillage

A

a method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff

100
Q

crop

A

any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season

101
Q

crop rotation

A

the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

102
Q

dairy farm

A

a form of commercial agriculture that specialized in the production of milk and other dairy products

103
Q

desertification

A

degradation of land especially in semiarid areas primarily because o fhuman actions such as excessive crop planting animal grazing and tree cutting also known as semiarid land degredation

104
Q

dietary energy consumption

A

the amount of food that an individual consumes measured in kilocalories

105
Q

double cropping

A

harvesting twice a year from the same field

106
Q

fishing

A

the capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters

107
Q

food security

A

physical social and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle

108
Q

genetically modified organism

A

a living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology

109
Q

grain

A

seed of cereal grass

110
Q

green revolution

A

rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology especially new high yield seeds and fertilizers

111
Q

herbicide

A

a chemical to control unwanted plants

112
Q

horticulture

A

growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops

113
Q

intensive subsistence agriculture

A

a form of subsistence agriculture characteristic of asias major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

114
Q

milkshed

A

the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied

115
Q

mixed crop and livestock

A

commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans

116
Q

monocropping

A

the practice of growing the same crop year after year

117
Q

no tillage

A

a farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous years harvest left untouched on the fields

118
Q

organic agriculture

A

farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances such as herbicides pesticides and growth hormones

119
Q

overfishing

A

capturing fish faster than they can reproduce

120
Q

paddy

A

the malay word for wet rice increasingly used to describe a flooded field

121
Q

pastoral nomadism

A

a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals

122
Q

pesticide

A

a substance to control pests including weeds

123
Q

plantation

A

a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale usually to a more developed country

124
Q

ranching

A

a form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area

125
Q

ridge tillage

A

a system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation

126
Q

sawah

A

a flooded field for growing rice

127
Q

second agricultural revolution

A

an increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock beginning in the UK in the seventeenth century

128
Q

shifting cultivation

A

a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period

129
Q

subsistence agriculture

A

agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmers family

130
Q

transhumance

A

seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area

131
Q

truck farming

A

commercial gardening and fruit farming so named for the middle english word truck meaning barter or exchange of commodoties

132
Q

undernourushment

A

dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity

133
Q

wet rice

A

rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

APHuG (11 decks)

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