Chapter 9 Flashcards
3 reasons consumption of food varies
level of development, physical conditions, cultural preferences
How many calories needed a day
1,844
Average calorie consumption worldwide
2,902
How many people are undernourashed
803 milion
What percent of undernourished in developing countries
98%
The greatest challenge to food security
food prices
percent of income spent on food in developed countries
20%
percent of income spent on food in developing countries
40%
4 reasons for high food costs
poor weather, high demand, smaller growth productivity, and use of crops as biofuels instead of food (mostly latin america)
High food prices caused
high land prices
Most common form of food over the world
cereal grains
Three leading cereal grains
wheat, maize, and rice (90%)
what percent of food consumed is cereal grains
40%
primary source of protein in developing countries
cereal grains
primary source of protein in developed countries
meat
Fraction of protein that is meat developed vs developing countries
Developed: 1/3
developing: 1/10
How many hunter gatherers are there today
quarter million or less
Where do hunter gatherers today live
isolated groups on periphery of world settlement
When was the first agricultural revolution
8000 BCE
Why did the first agricultural revolution happen
worlds population growed more rapidly, environmental and cultural factors as well
Environmental factors for first agricultural revolution
The end of the last ice age - redistribution of humans
Cultural factors for first agricultural revolution
preference for living in a fixed place and not always having to move around
Southwest Asia agricultural hearth of…
10,000 years ago. barley, wheat, lentil, and olive
btwn 8,000 and 9,000 yrs ago. cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep
12,000 yrs ago. dog
east asia agricultural hearth of…
10,000+ yrs ago. rice
millet
central and south america agricultural hearth of…
4,000 yrs ago. chickens
horse
sub-saharan africa agricultural hearth of…
8,000 yrs ago. sorghum
yams
millet and rice maybe independently of asia
latin america agricultural hearth of…
4,000 to 5,000 yrs ago. mexico - beans and cotton
peru - potato
maize - both independently
percent of workers directly engaged with farming in developed countries
3%
percent of workers directly engaged with farming in developing countries
35%
USA: % farmers, %workers in food industry
1%, 10%
US farmers today
2 million
When was first all iron plow made
1770s
avg farm size in US
178 hectacres
avg south asia farm size
1 hectacre
Agricultural regions in developing countries (5)
intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant; intensive subsistence, wet rice not dominant; pastoral nomadism; shifting cultivation; and plantation
Agricultural regions in developed countries (6)
mixed crop and livestock, dairy, grain, livestock ranching, mediterranean, commercial gardening
small farm, not much machinery, no land wasted, double cropping
intensive subsistence
dry summers and harsh winters, mostly wheat and barley, land worked mostly by human power,
wet rice not dominant
flat land, done by hand, SE China, E India, and SE Asia
wet rice dominant
4 steps of wet rice farming
- field prepared
- field flooded (called sawah or paddy)
- rice seedlings grown for month in nursery and then brought to paddy
- rice plants are harvested with knives
2 main features of shifting cultivation
slash and burn and frequent relocation
Crops of shifting cultivation
Change in each village
Animals in pastoral nomadism
cattle(dry lands), camels (arid), goats(need water and tough), sheep(slow and selective)
Who owns plantations
people in developed countries
What is grown on plantations
cotton, coffee, rubber, tobacco, and sugarcane
What percent of calories are fish eaten
1%
major crop on most farmed
grain
fraction of wheat production developing countries produce
over 1/2
3 areas in the US where grain production is concentrated
winter wheat belt - kansas, colorado, and oklahoma
spring wheat belt - dakotas, montana, southern saskatchewan
palouse region of washington state
lands that border medeteranian and california, sea winds and moderate winters, olives and grapes
mediterranean agriculture
SE USA, long growing season, humid climate, sometimes called truck farming, fruits and vegetables
commercial gardening
top three meat producers
china, USA, Brazil
Animals grazing, growing in developing countries, but diminishing in USA
Livestock ranching
closer to cities, product perishes quickly,
dairy farming
2 distinctive features of dairy farming
labor intensive and winter feed costs a lot of money
have crops and animals, crops feed animals, year round work
high yield per ares
mixed livestock and crop
first ring of von thunen model
market gardens and dairy- perishes quickly
second ring of von thunen model
timber - heavy
third ring of von thunen model
various crops and pasture
fourth ring of von thunen model
animal grazing - need space
2 sources of Californiaś limited water
surface water is not as much and groundwater is not as much
How much money has us averaged in farm subsidies
$20 billion
3 us government policies on improving financial position of farmers
farmers encouraged to avoid crops with excess supply
government pays farmers when certain commodity prices are low
government buys surplus production and sells/donates to other countries
3 types of tillage to keep topsoil on farms
conservation tillage, no tillage, and ridge tillage
percent of farmland that is organic
1%
Leading country in organic agriculture
Australia
Amount of money spent on organic food
$50 billion
sensitive to complexities of biological and economic independicies btwn crops and livestock, growing, all natural
organic agriculture
Does USA require GMO Labeling
no
Countries with GMO labelling
China, India, and most European countries
3 reasons Africa is opposed to GMOs
health problems, export problems, increased dependence on the USA
4 reasons GMOs are good
higher yields, increased nutrition, more pest resistance, and sometimes better taste
When did green revolution happen
1970s and 1980s
2 practices of green revolution
higher yield seeds and more use of fertalizers
3 critical elements in soil
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
most common fertalizer in Europe and percent nitrogen
Urea - 46%
most common fertalizer in US and percent nitrogen
Ammonia - 82%
Where did second agricultural revolution start
UK
When did second agricultural revolution start
17th century
Why did the second agricultural revolution happen
improvement in crop rotation and breeding of livestock
5 stages of land fallowing
- forest fallow
- bush fallow
- short fallow
- annual cropping
- multi-cropping
how many hectacres have been degraded around the world through deserification
2 billion
how many hectacres in the USA have been lost due to urbanization
200,000
most threatend land in US located in
maryland
areas where drugs are grown most
latin america and asia
percent of worlds opium from afghanistan
90%
United States Public Law 480, the Agricultural, Trade, and Assistance act of 1954
provided sale of grain at low interest rates
leading importer of food
japan
leading exporter of grain
USA
agribusiness
commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations
agricultural revolution
the process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
agriculture
the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earths surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain
aquaculture
the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
cash crop
a crop that is grown for sale rather than for the farmers own use
cereal grain
a grass that yields grain for food
columbian exchange
the transfer of plants and animals as well as people culture and technology between the western hemisphere and europe as a result of eurpean colonization and trade
commercial agriculture
agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm
market gardening and fruit farming
relitively small scale production of fruits and vegetables and other horticulture
conservation tillage
a method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff
crop
any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season
crop rotation
the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
dairy farm
a form of commercial agriculture that specialized in the production of milk and other dairy products
desertification
degradation of land especially in semiarid areas primarily because o fhuman actions such as excessive crop planting animal grazing and tree cutting also known as semiarid land degredation
dietary energy consumption
the amount of food that an individual consumes measured in kilocalories
double cropping
harvesting twice a year from the same field
fishing
the capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters
food security
physical social and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle
genetically modified organism
a living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology
grain
seed of cereal grass
green revolution
rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology especially new high yield seeds and fertilizers
herbicide
a chemical to control unwanted plants
horticulture
growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops
intensive subsistence agriculture
a form of subsistence agriculture characteristic of asias major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
milkshed
the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
mixed crop and livestock
commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans
monocropping
the practice of growing the same crop year after year
no tillage
a farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous years harvest left untouched on the fields
organic agriculture
farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances such as herbicides pesticides and growth hormones
overfishing
capturing fish faster than they can reproduce
paddy
the malay word for wet rice increasingly used to describe a flooded field
pastoral nomadism
a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
pesticide
a substance to control pests including weeds
plantation
a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale usually to a more developed country
ranching
a form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area
ridge tillage
a system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation
sawah
a flooded field for growing rice
second agricultural revolution
an increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock beginning in the UK in the seventeenth century
shifting cultivation
a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period
subsistence agriculture
agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmers family
transhumance
seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area
truck farming
commercial gardening and fruit farming so named for the middle english word truck meaning barter or exchange of commodoties
undernourushment
dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity
wet rice
rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth
