chapter 9

Question 1

language production

Answer 1

structured and conventional expression of thoughts through words

Question 2

phonology

Answer 2

study of how phonemes make words

Question 3

syntax

Answer 3

grammar, using words in correct order to give meaning

Question 4

pragmatics

Answer 4

practical language uses, gestures, body language, facial expressions, pacing

Question 5

morphene

Answer 5

smallest unit of word that had meaning
includes prefixes and suffixes

Question 6

phoneme

Answer 6

smallest unit of sound
i.e. ah, bah, puh

Question 7

lexical meaning

Answer 7

dictionary definition

Question 8

semantics

Answer 8

study of meaning in language through sentences

Question 9

stages of learning language

Answer 9

prevocal learning
cooing
babbling
first words
telegraphic speech
pragmatics
grammar

Question 10

telegraphic speech

Answer 10

2 yrs
short sentences using only necessary words
i.e. go home

Question 11

babbling

Answer 11

6 months
repetitive sounds that get mixed i.e. ba-pa-ba

Question 12

cooing

Answer 12

2 months
vocalization of vowel sounds i.e aah

Question 13

prevocal learning 2-4 months

Answer 13

can differentiate phonemes of all kinds, even ones not in native language

Question 14

grammar

Answer 14

4 yrs

Question 15

pragmatics

Answer 15

3 yrs
understand pacing and use of gestures

Question 16

first words

Answer 16

1 yr, single word speech
understanding greater than speech

Question 17

chomsky theory

Answer 17

there is a language acquisition device, and we are all preprogrammed to understand language with it

Question 18

sensitive period

Answer 18

individual is sensitive to influence from the environment, doesn’t have specific needs like critical period

Question 19

child-directed speech

Answer 19

high pitch, slow, expressive
allows emotional connection

Question 20

overregularization

Answer 20

overuse of grammar rules i.e. runned
shows that some syntax is taught, not innately learned

Question 21

what age do kids learn to read in west

Answer 21

5-6 yrs

Question 22

broca’s area

Answer 22

responsible for speech production, works w motor association cortex for moving tongue, larynx, lips

frontal lobe

broca’s aphasia: cannot produce coherent speech i.e. broken words

Question 23

agrammatism

Answer 23

cannot utilize grammar, make backwards sentences

Question 24

wernicke’s area

Answer 24

responsible for language comprehension, temporal lobe

wernicke’s aphasia: produce distorted speech with phrases that don’t make sense

Question 25

gender differences in learning language

Answer 25

girls have faster comprehension as children, gap closes in adulthood

girls use both hemispheres to process language

Question 26

mental imagery

Answer 26

picturing in mind without words

when visual past events, same areas of brain are activated

Question 27

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 27

suggests vocab for objects influences how speakers think about them, more words = more complex thoughts

i.e. one word for light and dark, less ways to describe colours. doesn’t mean can’t see or differentiate them.

Question 28

executive function

Answer 28

ability to control and manage mental processing of info

Question 29

dysexecutive syndrome

Answer 29

cannot control and direct mental abilities, influences planning and adaptability in situations

Question 30

cognitive control

Answer 30

ability to direct thought with your intentions

i.e. thoughts used to control behaviour, self-restraint and not itch scab

Question 31

ill-defined problem vs well-defined problem

Answer 31

ill: abstract solution or unclear endpoint
well: has distinct end and obvious strategies

Question 32

2 types strategies for problems

Answer 32

algorithm and heuristic

Question 33

heuristic strategy

Answer 33

shortcut that doesn’t guarantee correct solution

Question 34

algorithm

Answer 34

methodological process that guarantees correct solution

Question 35

insight

Answer 35

sudden realization of answer, may occur after incubation period of not trying to solve issue

Question 36

functional fixedness

Answer 36

idea that objects only have one use, prevents thinking outside box

i.e. use cards in games, not to remove bee stinger

Question 37

confirmation bias

Answer 37

actively searching for info you expect

Question 38

mental set

Answer 38

tendency to use same strategies as in past, prevents trying new or effective strats

Question 39

types of heuristic strategies

Answer 39

availability and representativeness

Question 40

representativeness heuristic

Answer 40

assumes individuals share characteristics of category

may ignore other important info

i.e. see couple in trailer, think romantic comedy

Question 41

availability heuristic

Answer 41

assumes memorable, recent events occur more often than they do

i.e. remember short procedure that hurt at end more than long painful procedure w relief at end

Question 42

bounded rationality

Answer 42

ability to make decisions bounded by time constraints, info available, etc.

can’t make rational decision

Question 43

utility

Answer 43

criteria an option must face

Question 44

fundamental attribution error

Answer 44

underestimate impact of environment on other ppl’s behaviour i.e. egotistic, unaware of others challenges

Question 45

metacognition

Answer 45

thinking about own thoughts

Question 46

theory of mind

Answer 46

thinking about others’ thoughts and mental state

allows social communication

Question 47

metacognition in preschool

Answer 47

“you can’t see me” don’t understand other’s point of view

lack theory of mind, eventually develop

eventually learn to lie bcs aware of others thoughts, increases w age