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PS102 > chap 5: sensation and perception > Flashcards

chap 5: sensation and perception Flashcards

1
Q

sensation vs perception

A

sensation: act of using sensory system to detect environ system

perception: conscious recognition and identification of sensory system

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2
Q

sensory receptor nerves

A

specialized cells of all sensory systems that convert stimulus to neural impulses

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3
Q

sensory transduction

A

process of turning sensory stimuli to neural impulses

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4
Q

thresholds

A

point of intensity that stimulus must meet to initiate an impulse

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5
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimal stimulus needed to be detected 50% of the time, bcs weak stimulus isn’t always noticed

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6
Q

just noticeable difference

A

minimal diff b/w 2 stimuli to notice difference i.e. 2 to 4 on volume

weber’s law: JND is proportional to initial size of stimulus and not fixed across stimulus

i.e. if already loud music, need greater volume than if quiet to notice diff

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7
Q

signal detection theory

A

response to signal depends on ability to differentiate signal and noise, as well as response criteria

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8
Q

thresholds and sensitivity

A

ppl don’t have fixed sensitivity, more likely to notice difference if experienced, and has consequences

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9
Q

sensory adaptation

A

repeated stimulation of sensory cell leads to dec response

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10
Q

olfactory adaptation

A

odour not distinguished bcs prolongued exposure

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11
Q

bottom-up processing

A

environ stimuli is transduced to impulse, goes to more complex part of brain

i.e. to recognize face, light hits, goes to impulse, goes to visual pathway

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12
Q

top-down processing

A

led by cog processes like memory or expectations

i.e. allow recognition of friend’s face, expect to see them, etc.

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13
Q

perceptual set

A

readiness to interpret stimulus in certain way i.e. taste apple when bite onion

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14
Q

olfactory receptor neurons

A

cells that convert chem signals from odourants to impulse to brain

located in cilia, mucus

only certain odours attach to receptors and must reach absolute threshold

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15
Q

papillae

A

bumps on tongue w clusters of tastebuds (sensory receptor cells)

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16
Q

taste receptors

A

aka tastebuds

detect sour, salty, sweet, bitter, umami

spice is result of caspaicin, not a taste

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17
Q

path of smelling

A

signals from receptors, olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex and piriform cortex

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18
Q

olfactory bulb

A

first region where smell reaches brain, below frontal lobe

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19
Q

piriform cortex

A

recognizes odours, is changeable in adulthood and can identify smells w experience

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20
Q

taste pathway

A

info sent to thalamus and cerebral cortex, working w reward circuit to inc pleasurable taste

info goes to insula for disgust

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21
Q

development of taste and smell

A

both well-devleoped at birth, recognize and prefer mother and associated smells (prfume)

kids have more tastebuds, like sweet when babies, like sour at 7, like bitter in adulthood

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22
Q

ageusia

A

inability to taste

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23
Q

dysgeusia

A

phantom smells

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24
Q

hyposmia

A

reduced ability to smell, still have some

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25
Q

anosmia

A

inability to smell at all

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26
Q

reflex epilepsy

A

odour leads to seizure

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27
Q

cutaneous receptors

A

free nerve endings, ruffini’s end organs, paciman corpuscles, meissner’s corpusles

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28
Q

ruffini’s end organs

A

respond to heavy pressure and joint mvmnt

located deep in skin

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29
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A

receptors to phys stimulus on lips, palms, fingertips

make to impulses

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30
Q

free nerve endings

A

receptors that make touch, pressure, pain into neural impulses

31
Q

paciman’s corpuscles

A

located deep in skin

respond to vibration and heavy pressure

32
Q

brain and touch path

A

free nerve endings, spinal cord, thalamus, somatosensory cortex

33
Q

how is touch processed

A

contralaterally: info processed on opp side as receieved

34
Q

slow pathway

A

unmyelinated, for mild burning pan

35
Q

fast pathway

A

myelinated axons for immediate pain, fast signals

36
Q

devleloping touch

A

important to learning and devleopment

touch enacted by you less noticeable, more noticeable if other senses involved i.e. blindfolded

37
Q

gate control theory of pain

A

neural activity can close gate, preventing pain from travelling to brain i.e. rubbing shin to dec pain

38
Q

familial dysautonomia

A

inability to feel pain due to genetic factors

39
Q

what causes phantom limb

A

somatosensory cortex still active despite amputation

40
Q

frequency

A

number of cycles of soundwaves, hertz

determines pitch of sound high/low

41
Q

amplitude

A

height of wavelength, decibel

determines loudness of sound

42
Q

cochlea

A

inner ear, where transduction of hearing occurs and vestibular system is

has fluid called endolymph that moves bcs of soundwaves

43
Q

basilar membrane

A

where fluid in cochlea moves, has hair cells attached that conduct electrical signal

44
Q

frequency theroy

A

diff sounds are converted into diff rates of action potential, and high freq sounds have more rapid firing

45
Q

place theory

A

diffs in sound freq activates diff regions of basilar membrane

brain equates location of activity w specific freq in membrane

46
Q

tympanic membrane

A

ear drum

47
Q

ossicles

A

bones in ear

hammer, anvil, stirrup
maleus, incus, stapes

48
Q

path of sound

A

cochlea, brainstem, thalamus, auditory cortex

processed as tonotopic map

49
Q

development of hearing

A

occurs before born, can recognize mother’s voice best and music heard prenatally

50
Q

conduction hearing impairment

A

damaged eardrum prevents soundwaves from being carried properly

damage to ossicles can’t conduct sound from eardrum to cochlea

51
Q

nerve hearing impairment

A

damage in inner ear or auditory pathway

52
Q

cochlear implants

A

surgically implanted to allow transuction in inner ear (signals)

has critical period before surgery less effective

53
Q

cornea

A

transparent protective layer over eye that light passes through

54
Q

pupil

A

small opening in eyes

55
Q

lens

A

inner part of pupil w retina

56
Q

retina

A

contains all receptor cells of eye, transduces light

57
Q

cones vs rods

A

more rods than cones

cones for central vision and colour

rods for night vision and peripheral

58
Q

fovea

A

centre of retina with only cones

59
Q

optic nerve

A

ganglion cells that carry visual info to brain

60
Q

trichromatic theory

A

can make all colours by mixing primary, bcs cones have 3 sensors for colour

61
Q

opposite process theory

A

colour pairs inhibit e/o

when stare at a colour for a long time, receptors fatigue and appear in other colour

62
Q

development of vision

A

newborn sight improves at 2 months, and is fully developed at 8 months

63
Q

strabismus

A

eyes not aligned and don’t work together, sending diff images to brain

can lose function in one eye

64
Q

ambylopia

A

lazy eye

loss of sight in weak eye, caused by abnormal development of visual cortex

65
Q

detached retina

A

separates from eye, needs surgery to prevent blindness

causes floaters and blurriness

66
Q

cortical blindness

A

result of brain damage

can have blind sight, unaware of actions but avoid obstacles

67
Q

where pathway

A

determine location of thing

hemi-neglect: ignore one side of visual field i.e. only eat right side of plate

68
Q

what pathway

A

determines what a thing is

visual agnosia: damaged pathway, unable to recognize objects

69
Q

binocular cues

A

convergence-neuromuscular cues: as object comes closer, eyes move to centre

retinal disparity: brain sees diff perspectives of object

70
Q

monocular cues

A

eleveation: seems further if on higher plane

texture gradient: more texture when close up

linear perspective: parallel lines appear to converge

relative size: if objects known to be same size look diff, bigger is closer

muller-lyer illusion: vertical lines appear longer than horizontal

71
Q

vestibular system

A

located in semicircular canals, where fluid mvmnt says upright or not

72
Q

kinesthesis

A

knowing body part location and position bcs of receptors in muscles

73
Q

prospagnosia

A

face blindness, genetic or from trauma

74
Q

gestalt top-down processing

A

proximity, if close tgt are grouped

closure, see finished unit i.e. full chair

figure ground, see background and object

similarity, similar objects are grouped

PS102 (9 decks)

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