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PS102 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

the study of behaviour and mental processes across the lifespan

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2
Q

longitudinal research

A

studying the same people over long periods of time

pros: see impact of early experiences over time, examine personality stability

cons: expensive, high drop-out, time-consuming, cohort effect influences results

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3
Q

cohort-sequential design

A

examines different ages over long period of time, combines longitudinal and cross-section research

pros: beat cohort effect, since it’s separated over ages

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4
Q

maturation

A

the idea that genes determine development in a certain time frame i.e. sexual maturation by 18yo

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5
Q

cross-section research

A

study people at diff ages at same point in time

pros: time saving

cons: 3rd factor ignored that influences perception

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6
Q

cohort effect

A

people are influenced by significant cultural impacts of upbringing

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7
Q

epigenetic

A

change in gene expression independent of DNA sequence

events that alter genes can be passed on to future generations

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8
Q

quantitative research

A

gradual increases in development i.e. height, weight

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9
Q

qualitative research

A

development in stages that are qualitatively different i.e. behaviour

suggests all people move onto next stage when reach correct age

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10
Q

critical periods

A

time in development where stimuli is needed for brain functioning

individual is sensitive to environment

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11
Q

codominance

A

dominant and recessive traits both expressed

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12
Q

polygenic trait

A

traits that are expressed as a result of multiple genes i.e. skin colour

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13
Q

discrete trait

A

trait from one gene pairing i.e. 2 alleles

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14
Q

stages of prenatal development

A

germinal stage
embryonic stage
fetal stage

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15
Q

fetal stage

A

9-40 wks

organs still underdeveloped and cannot survive on own, rapid brain growth

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16
Q

germinal stage

A

ovulation to implantation 0-2 wks

egg goes to fallopian tube, is fertilized into zygote

zygote goes to uterus and is called blastocyte

formation of placenta occurs

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17
Q

embryonic stage

A

2-8 wks

organs start developing, extremely vulnerable to environment

spontaneous abortion/miscarriage may occur

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18
Q

teratogen

A

substance that can damage during prenatal stage i.e. alcohol

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19
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

results in facial and brain abnormality, slow growth

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20
Q

partial FAS

A

fewer symptoms, related to paternal alcohol consumption

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21
Q

ARND

A

alcohol related neurological disorder
no physical abnormalities, but intellectual challenges

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22
Q

synaptic pruning

A

synapses are lost as child grows due unnecessary connections

allows stronger connections to be formed

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23
Q

synpase

A

connection between two neurons

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24
Q

senses in infants

A

strong sense of taste and smell
poor hearing due to amniotic fluid
poor vision

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25
Q

moro reflex

A

slap blanket w baby on it, will reach out to grasp mother

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26
Q

babinski reflex

A

stroke bottom of foot, spreads toes

shows integrated nervous system

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27
Q

accommodation

A

altering schemas to include new info, a way of acquiring knowledge

28
Q

schema

A

category to understand the world

29
Q

assimilation

A

grouping new info into existing schema to try to understand it

30
Q

piaget’s stages

A

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operations

31
Q

formal operations

A

12+, though not all reach this stage and may stay at concrete operational

able to use hypothetico-deductive reasoning and abstract reasoning

32
Q

preoperational

A

2nd stage, 2-7
egocentric, unable to see from others perspectives
only see one-way relationships
DONT understand law of conservation

33
Q

sensorimotor

A

birth-2
develop object permanence, egocentric

34
Q

concrete operational

A

3rd stage, 7-12
understand law of conservation
operations: can mentally manipulate objects
don’t understand abstract

35
Q

info processing theory

A

how children learn and use information

36
Q

violation of expectation

A

see if infants can understand subtraction by showing impossible situation

37
Q

adolescent egocentrism

A

greater than children or adults

38
Q

personal fable

A

believe no one experiences what they do, and their own morals don’t apply to them

39
Q

imaginary audience

A

feel that others are watching them when they aren’t

40
Q

lev vygotsky

A

scaffolding: adult makes adjustment to help child, but doesn’t spoonfeed

zone of proximal development: gap between what child can do by self and with help of adult

41
Q

temperament

A

basic personality ingrained in genes

42
Q

unique temperament

A

35%

a mixture of all 3 temperaments

43
Q

easy temperament

A

40%
follows routine, easy to calm, cheerful and open to change

44
Q

difficult temperament

A

10%
don’t respond well to change, irritable

45
Q

slow-to-warm-up

A

15%
less responsive than others, withdraw to change

46
Q

attachment

A

creation of emotional connection, typically to caregivers

47
Q

anxious/ambivalent

A

upset when mother leaves and is conflicted between wanting closeness and pushing away

10%

48
Q

disorganized/disoriented

A

have characteristics from other styles that are contradictory
15%

49
Q

secure attachment

A

mother is secure base for child to come back to, upset but easily calmed when mom returns
60%

50
Q

anxious/avoidant

A

child is indifferent when mother leaves and returns
15%

51
Q

2 factors parenting style

A

demandingness: setting rules, discipline, monitoring

responsiveness: support, meet child’s needs

52
Q

authoritarian

A

high demand low response
results in kid w low esteem, anxiety, aggressiom

53
Q

permissive

A

low demand high response
impulsive child, low integrity, overdependence

54
Q

uninvolved

A

low response and demand
anxious, antisocial, socially awkward child

55
Q

authoritative

A

high demand high response
high self-esteem, self-control, communication

56
Q

reciprocal socialization

A

two-way relationship b/w primary caregiver and child

57
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

non-reproductive events i.e. breast development

58
Q

brain development adolescence

A

prefrontal cortex develops for decision making
myelination continues for fast connections

59
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

reproductive system and organs

60
Q

kohlberg moral development

A

preconventional: morals on what can get away with

conventional: morals focused on fitting into society and avoiding disapproval

postconventional: understand universal laws, and abstract ethics

61
Q

erikson stages

A

8 stages of development, says if fail to meet one will be stuck or struggle in others

62
Q

8 stages erikson definitions

A

trust vs mistrust: get needs from parent

autonomy vs shame: explore motor skills w encouragement

initiative vs guilt: initiate tasks on own w empowerment

industry vs inferiority: compare self to others

identity vs role confusion: find societal role, adolescents

intimacy vs isolation: make meaningful relationships

generativity vs self-absorption: find way to benefit future generations

integrity vs despair: feel satisfied with life

63
Q

phys development in adults

A

menopause: loss of menstruation

hair loss, skin loosening, vision and hearing loss, memory loss, difficulty learning

64
Q

free radical theory

A

free radicals (negative oxygen molecules) go into body and destabilize cells

65
Q

wear and tear theory

A

body degrades with use

66
Q

cellular clock theory

A

aging built into cells, which stop reproducing at a certain point

PS102 (9 decks)

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