chap 11: motivation Flashcards
motivation
internal state or condition that directs behaviour
goal-directed, varies in strength
drive reduction theory
physio needs created by aroused state inc motivation to REDUCE need
bodies need to maintain homeostasis
incentive theory
instrinsic motivation: motivated by internal factors, satisfaction
extrinsic motivation: motivated by ext factors aka incentives
intrinsic motivation inc duration of motivation
instinct theory
ppl are motivated by bio instincts activated by environ stimuli
instinct: born behaviours and tendencies
primary vs secondary incentives
primary incentive: innate rewards and punishments
secondary incentives: viewed as rewarding bcs associated w primary incentive i.e. gambling and money
dopamine pathway
ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens (for pleasure, and prefrontal cortex
if regions associated w dopamine are activated, inc likelihood of repeating behaviour
maslow’s heirarchy of need
if a need isn’t met, no motivation to meet others
i.e. want self-actualization, can’t get there if no safety. motivates PROGRESSION through stages
why do we get thirsty
action potential needs intra/extracellular fluids for neurons — water needed
motivated by loss of volume i.e. sweat, vomit
cues to eat
low blood glucose, empty stomach
stimulates lateral hypothalamus for motivation
- inhibits siganls from ventromedial region of hypothalamus (satiety)
dual centre theory of motivation
activity in one area of brain inhibits area of opposite function
i.e. VMH is active (sated), therefore inhibits LH (hunger)
prader-willi syndrome
neverending hunger, result of abnormality on chromosome 15, related to hypothalamus dysfunction
cues to stop eating
stretch receptors activated, blood-glucose reaches certain lvl
ventromedial hypothalamus active, LH inactive
leptin
protein produced by fat cells to regulate amount eaten over time
if high leptin, stop eating
obese ppl may have fewer leptin receptors, don’t get signal early enough
body weight set point
weight individs return to after dieting or overeating, stabilized weight
fluctuations caused by learning, social facotrs i.e. company dinner
obesity
overweight w BMI over 30, 26.8% 18+ canadians
culture of beauty and restricted eating
restricting diet slows metabolism and leads to weight gain
genetic impact on obesity
- higher number fat cells must be filled, triggers hunger
- reduced metabolic rate
- insulin resistance interferes w fat burning and inc hunger, inc more fat cells
- abnormal genes i.e. leptin
- dec diversity in gut biome
anorexia nervosa and treatment
distorted image of being overweight, dangerous weight loss
- 90% girls
- weight less than 85% normal
- can also be binge-purge
treatment:
- CBT, develop healthy body image
- family therapy
bulimia nervosa and treatment
binge-purge
- associated w OCD and self-harming behaviour
- medical, dental problems
- don’t appear overweight, 1/100 women
treatment:
- family therapy
- CBT
- antidepressants, bcs linked to anxiety and depression
binge-eating disorder and treatment
out of control eating, inability to stop, psych distress
treatment
- antidepressants
- weight loss NOT treatment
gender diffs in sexuality
to inc reproduction and offspring survival
women:
- strong mate to provide and protect
- narrow hips, tall, muscles
- preferences change w menstrual cycle i.e. muscles more attractive w ovulation
men:
- inc reproductive success
- wide hips, diff waist:hip
polygamy
men have many wives
polyandry
women have many sexual partners
phases of sexual arousal/behaviour
excitement:
- activation hypothalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, triatum, ventral tegmental area
- can last many hours, inc HR
plateau:
- breathing and bpm inc
- muscles tense
orgasm:
- peak muscle tension and blood pressure, followed by contractions
- cerebellum and ventral tegmental area active
resolution
- muscles relax and hr dec
- men have refractory period and can’t ejaculate
mirror neurons and sex
activate, causing arousal when watch sexual acts
male vs fem hormones in sex
androgens: sex hormones produced by testes, adrenal glands
- also in women
estrogen and progesterone: mainly in women, inc w ovulation
positive vs -ve aspects of affiliation
+ve:
- seek connections w others from birth
- relationships inc self-esteem and dec depression
- ppl in healthy relationships live longer
-ve:
- abusive relationshisp and gangs to belong
- if grow up w abuse, toelrate it later
- anterior cingulate cortex activated by social rejection
affiliation
need to form attachments to others for support, guidance, protection
conscious vs unconscious motivation
conscious:
- we are aware of and can verbalize motivations
unconscious:
- unaware of, cannot verbalize
- i.e. want to learn 2nd language, motivations abt adopting culture
- TAT for ambiguous images to reveal desires
avoidance motivation
desire to avoid -ve outcome following a behaviour
hedonic principle
we avoid painful experiences and approach pleasurable ones
approach motivation
desire to experience positive outcome following behaviour
loss aversion
tend to be motivated more to avoid loss than achieve gain
i.e. work to keep house rather than make money
we feel pain of loss more than joy of reward
anhedonia
no pleasure from pleasant experiences
amotivation
no motivation
result of lack of competence, relatedness, autonomy
can have mental illness i.e. schizo
growth vs fixed mindset
growth mindset
- belief hard work and effort inc skill and talent in area
fixed mindset
- believe talent is innate and skill doesn’t benefit from hard work
grit
long-term perseverse toward goal
hard work and effort
ventrial striatum and nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex involved to develop grit
delaying gratification
in order to work toward LT goals, have impulse control and delay gratification
prefrontal cortex developed at 25y/o, allow goals and plans
kids/teens inc risky behaviour for instant gratification
achievement and collectivist cultures
collective: focus on group success and relationships over individual achievement
emotion and components
intrapersonal state in response to in/external event
components:
1. physiological: hr, temp, breathing changes
2. cog: subjective APPRAISAL and interpretation of feelings and environ
3. behavioural: phys expression, non/verbal emotional expression
facial electromyography (EMG)
measures facial contractions to detect feelings abt images
- more muscles contract in unpleasant images bcs frown, or smile w pleasant
HR
when fearful, HR inc
skin conductance
measure perspiration, electrical conductance
- conductance inc, arousal inc
polygraphy
aka lie detector
measures psychophysiolocial rxns
behavioural displays and emotion
behavioural displays i.e. flirting, fighting
more accurate/reliable measure of emotion
fMRI
can detect activity in brain w lying
not fully reliable
functions of emotion
behavioural functions: alter behaviours, emotions associated w predictable patterns (action tendencies)
- happiness: will repeat action
- embarassment: cause avoidance, guilt and related actions
cog functions: emotions organize and retrieve memories, guide judgments
- i.e. if dark and scary, find safe place
social functions: can help and inhibit relationships
james-lange theory of emotion
emotions result from PHYS CHANGE, not vice versa
said vasomotor system (nerves and muscles that constrict/dilate blood vessels) determine emotion
steps of emotion:
1. perception of environ stimuli
2. elicitation of physio and behaviour changes
3. processed by cortex to make emotion
cannon-bard theory of emotion
says that emotions are both subjectively experiences and result of sympathetic nervous system
says when we perceive event associated w emotion, thalamus relays info to SNS for arousal
why did cannon-bard disagree w james-lange
- separating organs from CNS doesn’t affect emotional behaviour
- animals w/o vasomotor system still have emotional response - phys changes occur w/o emotions
- changes in arousal are too slow to be emotion source
- artifically changing arousal doesn’t produce emotions
schachter and singers 2 factor theory of emotion
says emotional state is function of PHYSIO arousal and COGNITION
says physio arousal w cog appraisal results in emotion
- we use environ cues to determine emotion
- can result in deception i.e. standing on bridge makes woman more attractive
facial-feedback theory
feedback from face muscles i.e. forcing self to smile inc HR, temp
duchenne smile: a genuine smile, w crinkling eyes and contractions
cognitive-mediational theory
cog appraisal affect how we interpret phys arousal and lvl of arousal
appraisal is a COG MEDIATOR b/w environ and rxn to stimuli
evolutionary theory
emotions are innate for survival
basic emotions: innate and present regardless of culture
- happy, digust, fear, surprise, shame, interest, anger
emotions and brain
cerebral cortex - process pos/negative emotions
prefrontal cortex - involved in emotional responses, a guide
amygdala - conditions and recognize fear
positive psych and motivation
there is a set point for happiness
happy ppl live longer, even w problems
- dec chance premature death
happy ppl feel greater happiness from short term events
