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PS102 > chap 11: motivation > Flashcards

chap 11: motivation Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

internal state or condition that directs behaviour

goal-directed, varies in strength

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2
Q

drive reduction theory

A

physio needs created by aroused state inc motivation to REDUCE need

bodies need to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

incentive theory

A

instrinsic motivation: motivated by internal factors, satisfaction

extrinsic motivation: motivated by ext factors aka incentives

intrinsic motivation inc duration of motivation

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4
Q

instinct theory

A

ppl are motivated by bio instincts activated by environ stimuli

instinct: born behaviours and tendencies

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5
Q

primary vs secondary incentives

A

primary incentive: innate rewards and punishments

secondary incentives: viewed as rewarding bcs associated w primary incentive i.e. gambling and money

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6
Q

dopamine pathway

A

ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens (for pleasure, and prefrontal cortex

if regions associated w dopamine are activated, inc likelihood of repeating behaviour

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7
Q

maslow’s heirarchy of need

A

if a need isn’t met, no motivation to meet others

i.e. want self-actualization, can’t get there if no safety. motivates PROGRESSION through stages

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8
Q

why do we get thirsty

A

action potential needs intra/extracellular fluids for neurons — water needed

motivated by loss of volume i.e. sweat, vomit

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9
Q

cues to eat

A

low blood glucose, empty stomach

stimulates lateral hypothalamus for motivation
- inhibits siganls from ventromedial region of hypothalamus (satiety)

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10
Q

dual centre theory of motivation

A

activity in one area of brain inhibits area of opposite function

i.e. VMH is active (sated), therefore inhibits LH (hunger)

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11
Q

prader-willi syndrome

A

neverending hunger, result of abnormality on chromosome 15, related to hypothalamus dysfunction

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12
Q

cues to stop eating

A

stretch receptors activated, blood-glucose reaches certain lvl

ventromedial hypothalamus active, LH inactive

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13
Q

leptin

A

protein produced by fat cells to regulate amount eaten over time

if high leptin, stop eating

obese ppl may have fewer leptin receptors, don’t get signal early enough

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14
Q

body weight set point

A

weight individs return to after dieting or overeating, stabilized weight

fluctuations caused by learning, social facotrs i.e. company dinner

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15
Q

obesity

A

overweight w BMI over 30, 26.8% 18+ canadians

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16
Q

culture of beauty and restricted eating

A

restricting diet slows metabolism and leads to weight gain

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17
Q

genetic impact on obesity

A
  1. higher number fat cells must be filled, triggers hunger
  2. reduced metabolic rate
  3. insulin resistance interferes w fat burning and inc hunger, inc more fat cells
  4. abnormal genes i.e. leptin
  5. dec diversity in gut biome
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18
Q

anorexia nervosa and treatment

A

distorted image of being overweight, dangerous weight loss
- 90% girls
- weight less than 85% normal
- can also be binge-purge

treatment:
- CBT, develop healthy body image
- family therapy

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19
Q

bulimia nervosa and treatment

A

binge-purge
- associated w OCD and self-harming behaviour
- medical, dental problems
- don’t appear overweight, 1/100 women

treatment:
- family therapy
- CBT
- antidepressants, bcs linked to anxiety and depression

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20
Q

binge-eating disorder and treatment

A

out of control eating, inability to stop, psych distress

treatment
- antidepressants
- weight loss NOT treatment

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21
Q

gender diffs in sexuality

A

to inc reproduction and offspring survival

women:
- strong mate to provide and protect
- narrow hips, tall, muscles
- preferences change w menstrual cycle i.e. muscles more attractive w ovulation

men:
- inc reproductive success
- wide hips, diff waist:hip

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22
Q

polygamy

A

men have many wives

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23
Q

polyandry

A

women have many sexual partners

24
Q

phases of sexual arousal/behaviour

A

excitement:
- activation hypothalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, triatum, ventral tegmental area
- can last many hours, inc HR

plateau:
- breathing and bpm inc
- muscles tense

orgasm:
- peak muscle tension and blood pressure, followed by contractions
- cerebellum and ventral tegmental area active

resolution
- muscles relax and hr dec
- men have refractory period and can’t ejaculate

25
Q

mirror neurons and sex

A

activate, causing arousal when watch sexual acts

26
Q

male vs fem hormones in sex

A

androgens: sex hormones produced by testes, adrenal glands
- also in women

estrogen and progesterone: mainly in women, inc w ovulation

27
Q

positive vs -ve aspects of affiliation

A

+ve:
- seek connections w others from birth
- relationships inc self-esteem and dec depression
- ppl in healthy relationships live longer

-ve:
- abusive relationshisp and gangs to belong
- if grow up w abuse, toelrate it later
- anterior cingulate cortex activated by social rejection

28
Q

affiliation

A

need to form attachments to others for support, guidance, protection

29
Q

conscious vs unconscious motivation

A

conscious:
- we are aware of and can verbalize motivations

unconscious:
- unaware of, cannot verbalize
- i.e. want to learn 2nd language, motivations abt adopting culture
- TAT for ambiguous images to reveal desires

30
Q

avoidance motivation

A

desire to avoid -ve outcome following a behaviour

31
Q

hedonic principle

A

we avoid painful experiences and approach pleasurable ones

32
Q

approach motivation

A

desire to experience positive outcome following behaviour

33
Q

loss aversion

A

tend to be motivated more to avoid loss than achieve gain

i.e. work to keep house rather than make money

we feel pain of loss more than joy of reward

34
Q

anhedonia

A

no pleasure from pleasant experiences

35
Q

amotivation

A

no motivation

result of lack of competence, relatedness, autonomy

can have mental illness i.e. schizo

36
Q

growth vs fixed mindset

A

growth mindset
- belief hard work and effort inc skill and talent in area

fixed mindset
- believe talent is innate and skill doesn’t benefit from hard work

37
Q

grit

A

long-term perseverse toward goal

hard work and effort

ventrial striatum and nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex involved to develop grit

38
Q

delaying gratification

A

in order to work toward LT goals, have impulse control and delay gratification

prefrontal cortex developed at 25y/o, allow goals and plans

kids/teens inc risky behaviour for instant gratification

39
Q

achievement and collectivist cultures

A

collective: focus on group success and relationships over individual achievement

40
Q

emotion and components

A

intrapersonal state in response to in/external event

components:
1. physiological: hr, temp, breathing changes
2. cog: subjective APPRAISAL and interpretation of feelings and environ
3. behavioural: phys expression, non/verbal emotional expression

41
Q

facial electromyography (EMG)

A

measures facial contractions to detect feelings abt images

  • more muscles contract in unpleasant images bcs frown, or smile w pleasant
42
Q

HR

A

when fearful, HR inc

43
Q

skin conductance

A

measure perspiration, electrical conductance

  • conductance inc, arousal inc
44
Q

polygraphy

A

aka lie detector

measures psychophysiolocial rxns

45
Q

behavioural displays and emotion

A

behavioural displays i.e. flirting, fighting

more accurate/reliable measure of emotion

46
Q

fMRI

A

can detect activity in brain w lying

not fully reliable

47
Q

functions of emotion

A

behavioural functions: alter behaviours, emotions associated w predictable patterns (action tendencies)
- happiness: will repeat action
- embarassment: cause avoidance, guilt and related actions

cog functions: emotions organize and retrieve memories, guide judgments
- i.e. if dark and scary, find safe place

social functions: can help and inhibit relationships

48
Q

james-lange theory of emotion

A

emotions result from PHYS CHANGE, not vice versa

said vasomotor system (nerves and muscles that constrict/dilate blood vessels) determine emotion

steps of emotion:
1. perception of environ stimuli
2. elicitation of physio and behaviour changes
3. processed by cortex to make emotion

49
Q

cannon-bard theory of emotion

A

says that emotions are both subjectively experiences and result of sympathetic nervous system

says when we perceive event associated w emotion, thalamus relays info to SNS for arousal

50
Q

why did cannon-bard disagree w james-lange

A
  1. separating organs from CNS doesn’t affect emotional behaviour
    - animals w/o vasomotor system still have emotional response
  2. phys changes occur w/o emotions
  3. changes in arousal are too slow to be emotion source
  4. artifically changing arousal doesn’t produce emotions
51
Q

schachter and singers 2 factor theory of emotion

A

says emotional state is function of PHYSIO arousal and COGNITION

says physio arousal w cog appraisal results in emotion
- we use environ cues to determine emotion
- can result in deception i.e. standing on bridge makes woman more attractive

52
Q

facial-feedback theory

A

feedback from face muscles i.e. forcing self to smile inc HR, temp

duchenne smile: a genuine smile, w crinkling eyes and contractions

53
Q

cognitive-mediational theory

A

cog appraisal affect how we interpret phys arousal and lvl of arousal

appraisal is a COG MEDIATOR b/w environ and rxn to stimuli

54
Q

evolutionary theory

A

emotions are innate for survival

basic emotions: innate and present regardless of culture
- happy, digust, fear, surprise, shame, interest, anger

55
Q

emotions and brain

A

cerebral cortex - process pos/negative emotions

prefrontal cortex - involved in emotional responses, a guide

amygdala - conditions and recognize fear

56
Q

positive psych and motivation

A

there is a set point for happiness

happy ppl live longer, even w problems
- dec chance premature death

happy ppl feel greater happiness from short term events

PS102 (9 decks)

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