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Bio 4 Midterm 2 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do catabolic pathways yield?

A

Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels and breaking down complex molecules

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2
Q

Is this breakdown exergonic or endergonic?

A

Exergonic - it releases energy

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3
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occur without O2

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4
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

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5
Q

Does cellular respiration refer to aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic but is used to refer to aerobic because it produces ATP

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6
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water is produced as a result of the sugar being oxidized (ATP and heat are transformed from the process)

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7
Q

What occurs in oxidation-reduction reactions?

A

Redox reactions are chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactions

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8
Q

What happens in oxidation?

A

In oxidation, a substance loses electrons

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9
Q

What happens in reduction?

A

In reduction, a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the positive charge is reduced)

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10
Q

What is the reducing agent?

A

The reducing agent is whoever donated the electron (the oxidizer)

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11
Q

What is the oxidizing agent?

A

The oxidizing agent is the electron receptor (the reducer)

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12
Q

What is oxidized and what is reduced in cellular respiration?

A

The fuel (glucose) is oxidized to carbon dioxide and O2 is reduced to water

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13
Q

What are the four stages of harvesting energy from glucose?

A

Glycolysis: breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
Pyruvate Oxidation: the prep step
Citric Acid Cycle: completes breakdown of glucose
Oxidative Phosphorylation: accounts for most of ATP synthesis

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14
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced for each molecule of glucose?

A

up to 32 atp

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15
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis (sugar splitting) breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, it occurs in the cytoplasm

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16
Q

What does glycolysis harvest and oxidize?

A

Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

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17
Q

What is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation

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18
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Formation of ATP from ADP and a phosphorylated intermediate

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19
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

in the mitochondria

20
Q

What does the citric acid cycle do?

A

The Krebs cycle and TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle completes the breakdown of pyruvate to CO2

21
Q

What does the citric acid cycle oxidize?

A

The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate to generate 1 atp, 3 nadh, and 1 fadh2 per turn

22
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Chemiosmosis is the energy-coupling mechanism , it is the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

23
Q

how does electron transfer occur in the electron transport chain?

A

electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

24
Q

What is a proton-motive force?

A

The H+ gradient is referred to as a proton-motive force which emphasizes its capacity to do work

25
Q

What is the proton-motive force?

A

it is an electrochemical gradient, 85% of the proton motive force is derived from the electric or charge gradient

26
Q

What is H+ attracted to according to the matrix?

A

H+ is attracted to the opposite negative charge in the matrix

27
Q

Where is there a greater concentration of H+?

A

in the intermembrane space, there is a greater concentration of H+, which causes protons to follow lower concentration in the matrix

28
Q

how does energy flow in cellular respiration?

A

glucose - NADH - electron transport chain - proton motive force - ATP

29
Q

Match cellular respiration to its terms

A

Cellular respiration releases energy, so it is spontaneous, it is catabolic, is exergonic, and has a negative delta G

30
Q

how many protons have to pass through ATP synthase for 1 atp to be synthesized?

A

4 protons

31
Q

How many electrons are required to reduce a single atom of oxygen?

A

2 electrons are required to reduce a single atom of oxygen

32
Q

how many protons are translocated across the membrane through ATP synthase for each pair of electrons that pass through the ETC?

A

10 protons

33
Q

what is the P/O ratio?

A

2.5

34
Q

what is the ratio when referring to NADH?

A

1.5

35
Q

What allows cells to produce ATP without oxygen?

A

without O2, glycolysis will couple with anaerobic respiration or fermentation to produce ATP

36
Q

How does anaerobic respiration work?

A

Anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain with a final electron accepter other than O2, for example sulfate

37
Q

How does fermentation work?

A

Fermentation uses substrate-level phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP

38
Q

What are the two common types of fermentation?

A

Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

39
Q

What is produced in alcohol fermentation?

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol and ethanol is produced through the release of CO2

40
Q

What is produced in lactic acid fermentation?

A

pyruvate is reduced by NADH, forming lactate as an end product with no release of CO2 (used to generate ATP when oxygen is scarce)

41
Q

products of lactic acid fermentation in numbers***

A

2 atp, 2 pyruvate, 2 molecules of lactic acid, 2 NAD+

42
Q

products of alcohol fermentation in numbers***

A
43
Q

What is deamination?

A

When the first amino group must be removed

44
Q

What must happen to proteins to be apart of glycolysis or citric acid cycle?

A

Proteins must be digested to amino acids which can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

45
Q

What are fats digested to?

A

Fats are digested to glycerol and fatty acids

46
Q

How are fatty acids broken down?

A

Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield acetyl CoA

47
Q

what does glycolysis accept?

A

a wide range of carbohydrates: sugars from carbs, glycerol from fats, and some amino acids from proteins entering as pyruvate (pyruvate oxidation)

Bio 4 Midterm 2 (12 decks)

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