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Bio 4 Midterm 2 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

photosynthesis is the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

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2
Q

what are autotrophs?

A

autotrophs sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms, able to produce organic molecules from CO2

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3
Q

Who are photoautotraphs?

A

Almost all plants, because they use the energy of the sun to make organic molecules

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4
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

in plants, algae, certain unicellular eukaryotes, and prokaryotes

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5
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

heterotrophs obtain their organic material from other organisms, they consume, humans depend on photoautotrophs for food and oxygen

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6
Q

What are the major locations of photosynthesis?

A

leaves, chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of mesophyll (interior tissue of the leaf)

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7
Q

How many chloroplasts does each mesophyll cell have?

A

30-40 chloroplasts

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8
Q

What is stomata?

A

Microscopic pores on the leaf where CO2 enters and O2 exits

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9
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

The pigment that gives leaves their green color and resides in the thylakoid membranes

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10
Q

What does photosynthesis produce?

A

CO2 is consumed and converted to sugar and oxygen

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11
Q

How do chloroplasts split water?

A

chloroplasts split water into hydrogen and oxygen: incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-product

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12
Q

What type of process is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is a redox process

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13
Q

What is oxidized and what is reduced in photosynthesis?

A

Water is oxidized and CO2 is reduced

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14
Q

Use thermodynamic terms to describe photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis absorbs energy making it nonspontaneous, meaning it is endergonic, has a positive delta G, and is anabolic

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15
Q

What does photosynthesis consist of?

A

consists of the light reactions (photo part) and Calvin cycle (synthesis part)

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16
Q

what does the light reactions do in the thylakoids?

A

splits h20 to produce O2, reduce electron acceptor NADP+ to NADPH, and generates ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

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17
Q

what is the source of oxygen in photosynthesis?

A

WATER

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18
Q

What does the Calvin Cycle (in the stroma) form?

A

it forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH

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19
Q

What does the Calvin cycle begin with?

A

Carbon fixation: incorporating CO2 into organic molecules

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20
Q

what are light dependent reactions?

A

they use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis : energy storage molecule (ATP) and reduced electron carrier (NADPH)

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21
Q

products of light dependent reactions used in Calvin cycle are** slide 19

A

ATP and NADPH, and O2

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22
Q

what is wavelength?

A

wavelength is the distance between crests of waves

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23
Q

what does wavelength determine?

A

wavelength determines the type of electromagnetic energy

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24
Q

what does visible light consist of?

A

visible light consists of wavelengths that produce colors we can see

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25
Q

what are pigments? what is the relationship to wavelengths?

A

pigments are substances that absorb visible light, and different pigments absorb different wavelengths

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26
Q

what do wavelengths do if they are not absorbed or reflected?

A

they are transmitted

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27
Q

why do leaves appear green?

A

because chlorophyll reflects and transmits green light

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28
Q

what does light go through in a chloroplast?

A

light goes through the granum to produce transmitted light

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29
Q

what is an absorption spectrum?

A

an absorption spectrum is a graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength

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30
Q

what does absorption spectrum of chlorphyll a suggest?

A

suggests that violet-blue and red light work best for photosynthesis

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31
Q

what is an action spectrum?

A

an action spectrum profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process

32
Q

what happened to areas receiving wavelengths favorable to photosynthesis in Theodor W. experiment?

A

areas receiving wavelengths favorable to photosynthesis produced excess O2

33
Q

how was the excess O2 measured in Theodor experiment?

A

the growth of aerobic bacteria clustered along the alga was a measure of the O2 production

34
Q

What is chlorophyll A?

A

the main photosynthetic pigment

35
Q

What is chlorophyll B?

A

an accessory pigment, such as chlorophyll B and carotenoids, broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis

36
Q

What is the difference in the absorption spectrum between chlorophyll A and B?

A

the difference in the absorption spectrum is due to a slight structural difference between the pigment molecules

37
Q

What do carotenoids also function in?

A

Carotenoids also function in photoprotection; they absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll

38
Q

What happens when a pigment absorbs light?

A

It goes from a ground state to an excited state making it unstable

39
Q

What happens when excited electrons fall back to the ground state?

A

when excited electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, an afterglow called fluorescence

40
Q

what happens if an isolated solution of chlorophyll is illuminated?

A

it will fluoresce, give off light and heat

41
Q

what does a photosystem consist of?

A

a photosystem consists of a reaction-center complex (protein complex), surrounded by light-harvesting complexes

42
Q

what is a light-harvesting complex?

A

light-harvesting complexes (pigment molecules bound to proteins) transfer energy of photons to the reaction center

43
Q

what does a primary electron acceptor do?

A

in the reaction center, it accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result

44
Q

what are the two types of photosystems in the thylakoid membrane?

A

photosystem II (PS II) functions first and is best at absorbing wavelength of 680 nm
photosystem I (PS I) is best at absorbing wavelength of 700 nm

45
Q

what is the reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS II called?

A

if it is a PS II, is called P680

46
Q

what is the reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS I called?

A

if it is PS I, it is called P700

47
Q

What are the two possible routes for electron flow during light reactions?

A

cyclic and linear

48
Q

what is linear electron flow?

A

linear electron flow, the primary pathway, involves photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

49
Q

what is cyclic electron flow?

A

In cyclic electron flow, electrons cycle back from Fd to PS I reaction center

50
Q

what are light dependent reactions?

A

linear electron flow and photo part of photosynthesis

51
Q

products of light dependent reactions

A

ATP and NADPH

52
Q

what does cyclic electron flow use and produce?

A

cyclic electron flow uses only photosystem 1 and produces ATP, does not produce NADPH or oxygen

53
Q

what do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common?

A

they generate ATP by chemiosmosis, but use different sources of energy

54
Q

how do mitochondria produce ATP?

A

they transfer chemical energy from food to ATP

55
Q

how do chloroplasts produce ATP?

A

they transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP

56
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

the process of moving ions (ex: protons H+) to the other side of the membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient (can be used to drive ATP synthesis)

57
Q

what happens in mitochondria?

A

protons are pumped to intermembrane space and drive ATP syntehsis as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix

58
Q

what happens in chloroplasts?

A

protons are pumped into the thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the stroma?

58
Q

what happens in chloroplasts?

A

protons are pumped into the thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the stroma?

59
Q

what do light reactions do in summary?

A

they generate ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from H20 to NADPH

60
Q

what does the calvin cycle do?

A

uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar

61
Q

How does calvin cycle work?

A

it regenerates its starting material after molecules leave and enter the cycle, it builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH

62
Q

what power do electrons carried by NADPH have?

A

they have a reducing power if they are carried by NADPH

63
Q

what are the 3 phases of the calvin cycle

A
  1. Carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco) 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
64
Q

What happens to carbon in the calvin cycle?

A

it enters as CO2 and leaves as a sugar called (G3P)

65
Q

what must occur for net synthesis of 1 G3P?

A

for net synthesis of 1 G3P, the cycle must take place 3 times, fixing 3 molecules of CO2

66
Q

What do plants do on hot, dry days?

A

They close their stomata, which conserves water but limits photosynthesis, reducing access to CO2 and causing O2 to build up; photorespiration

67
Q

how can photorespiration be damaging?

A

it can drain the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle

68
Q

What happens in C3 plants in photorespiration?

A

C3 photorespiration: rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, producing a 2 carbon compound
Normally, forms a 3 carbon compound

69
Q

What happens in photorespiration?

A

photorespiration consumes O2 and organic fuel and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar

70
Q

C4 plants:

A

C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by incoroporating CO2 into four carbon-compounds

71
Q

What are the types of cells in C4 plants?

A

Bundle-sheath cells: arranged in tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf
Mesophyll cells: loosely packed between the bundle sheath and leaf surface

72
Q

3 step process of sugar production in C4 plants

A
  1. production of 4 carbon precursors is catalyzed by enzyme PEP carboxylase in mesophyll cells: PEP carboxylase has higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco, can fix CO2 when CO2 concentrations are low
  2. 4 carbon compounds exported to bundle sheaths
  3. Within bundle sheaths, they release CO2 that is used in Calvin cycle
73
Q

CAM plants

A

include succulents, use crassulacean acid metabolism to fix carbon

74
Q

how do CAM plants work?

A

CAM plants, open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids, stomata is closed during the day and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in Calvin cycle

75
Q

Summary light reactions:

A
  • are carried out by molecules in the thylakoid membranes
  • convert light energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
  • split h2o and release o2 to the atmosphere

Bio 4 Midterm 2 (12 decks)

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