Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 4 Midterm 2 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the blending hypothesis?

A

the blending hypothesis is the idea that genetic material from the two parents blends together (like blue and yellow paint blend to make green)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the particulate hypothesis?

A

the particulate hypothesis is the idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a character?

A

a heritable feature that varies among individuals (such as flower color) is called a character

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a trait?

A

each variant for a character, such as purple or white color for flowers, is called a trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is hybridization?

A

mating two contrasting, true breeding varieties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how many alleles does each organism inherit?

A

an organism inherits 2 alleles, one from each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what happens if alleles at a locus differ?

A

the dominant allele determines the organisms appearance and the recessive alelle has no noteiceable affect on appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the law of segregation?

A

the two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different games, thus an egg or sperm gets only one alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does segregation of alleles correspond to meisosi?

A

this segregation of alleles corresponds to the distribution of homologous chromosomes (metaphes 1) to different gametes in meisosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does a punnett square do?

A

shows possible combinations of sperm and egg can be shown using a Punnett square

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is homozygous?

A

an organism with two identical alleles for a character is homozygous for the gene controlling that character

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is heterozygous?

A

an organism that has two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for the gene controlling that character

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

are heterozygotes or homozygotes true breeding?

A

homozygotes are true breeding; heterozygotes are not true breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is phenotype vs genotype?

A

phenotype is physical appearance and genotype is genetic makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a testcross?

A

breeding the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual to determine if the mystery parent carries recessive genotype based on if it shows phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the law of independent assortment state?

A

states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation

17
Q

what does the law of independent assortment apply to?

A

it only applies to genes on different, nonhomologous chromosomes or those far apart on the same chromosome

18
Q

when are genes linked?

A

when they are located near eachother on the same chromosome; tend to be inherited together and are linked

19
Q

True or False: many heritable characters are determined by only one gene with two alleles

A

False

20
Q

inheritance of characters by a single gene may deviate from simple Mendelian patterns in the following situations?

A
  • when alleles are not completely dominant or recessive
  • when a gene has more than two alleles
  • when a gene produces multiple phenotypes
21
Q

when does complete dominance occur?

A

complete dominance occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

22
Q

what happens in incomplete dominance?

A

the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the pheotypes of the two parental varieties

23
Q

what happens in codominance?

A

in codominance, two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

24
Q

what is Tay-Sachs disease?

A

it is fatal; a dysfunctional enzyme causes an accumulation of lipids in the brain
- at organismal level: allele is recessive
- at biochemical level: phenotype is incompletely dominant
- at molecular level: alleles are codominant

25
Q

what dominance does blood type AB have?

A

AB are said to be codominant because they have both A and B alleles present

26
Q

What is Mendel’s second law of inheritance?

A

By following two characters at the same time: Crossing 2 true-breeding parents differing in two character produces dihybrids in the F1 generation, heterozygous for both characters

27
Q

What does a dihybrid cross do?

A

determines whether two characters are transmitted to offspring as a package or independently

28
Q

what is the phenotypic ratio?

A

9:3:3:1

29
Q

What are the four phenotypes of the ABO blood group in humans determined by?

A

determined by three alleles for the enzyme (I) that attaches A or B carbohydrates to red blood cells I^a, I^b, and i

30
Q

What is added for each allele when considering blood groups?

A

I^a adds A carbohydrate, I^b adds B carbohydrate, i adds neither

31
Q

what genotypes can blood group A have?

A

I^a I^a, or I^a i

32
Q

what genotypes can blood group B have?

A

I^b I^b, or I^b i

33
Q

what genotypes can blood group AB have?

A

I^a I^b

34
Q

Which blood types are dominant, which are recessive?

A

A and B are dominant, O is recessive

35
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

When genes have multiple phenotypic effects
- example: pleiotropic alleles are responsible for multiple systems of certain hereditary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell diseases

36
Q

What happens in epistasis?

A

In epistasis, a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
- example: in dogs, coat color depends on 2 genes: one gene determines pigment color and the other determines whether pigment will be deposited

Basically: allele of one gene suppresses another

37
Q

Polygenic Inheritance?

A

an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype
- example: skin color in humans is an example
quantitative variation indicate polygenic inheritance

38
Q

what are examples of polygenic inheritance?

A

skin color, eye color, height, intelligence

Bio 4 Midterm 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions