Chapter 9/12 Intensity/Training Adaptations

Question 1

What happens to Resting Heart Rate during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 1

Resting heart rate stays the same, it is not affected by intensity because it is a resting heart rate.

Question 2

What happens to Heart Rate max during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 2

Heart rate max stays the same and not affected by exercising because it is determined by age.

Question 3

What happens to submax Heart Rate during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 3

Submax heart rate will increase because of an increase of sympathetic nervous system activity, sympathetic cardiac nerve, and secretion of epinephrine acting on the SA Node. There is also a decrease in parasympathetic nervous system activity and vagal tone acting on the SA node.

Question 4

What happens to (A-V) O2 Difference max during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 4

(A-V) O2 Difference max will stay the same. Most max values are not affected by a change of exercise.

Question 5

What happens to (A-V) O2 Difference submax during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 5

(A-V) O2 difference submax will increase because as exercise intensity increases the muscle extracts and consumes oxygen.

Question 6

What happens to Max Stroke Volume during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 6

Max stroke volume will stay the same because it is not affected by a change in intensity of exercising.

Question 7

What happens to Submax Stroke volume during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 7

Submax stroke volume will increase because there will an increase in end diastolic volume and a decrease in end systolic volume.

Question 8

What mechanisms increase end diastolic volume that affect submax Stroke volume during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 8

SKELETAL MUSCLE PUMP PATHWAY
- Increase Sympathetic nervous system activity will increase muscle contractions that allow for more venous return to the heart from skeletal muscle pumps.

RESPIRATORY PUMP PATHWAY
- Increase sympathetic nervous system activity will cause an increase in secretion of epinephrine that acts on the inspiratory parts of the brain that will increase pulmonary ventilation resulting in more venous return to the heart through the respiratory pump.

VASOCONSTRICTION PATHWAY
- Increase in sympathetic nervous system activity and secretion of epinephrine will act on arterioles to have stronger vasoconstrictions to allow for more venous return to the heart. That will increase EDV and SV.

LEFT DISENSIBILITY
- With an increase of venous return causing an increase in EDV where a flood of blood fills the left ventricle. This stretches the ventricle increasing left ventricle distensibility triggering the Frank Starling Mechanism causing a forceful contraction which increases left ventricle myocardium contractility.

Question 9

What is the Frank Starling Mechanism?

Answer 9

It is when the left ventricle is stretched it responds with a contraction to allow for a more forceful contraction.

Question 10

What mechanisms decrease ESV that affect submax Stroke volume during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 10

LEFT VENTRICLE CONTRACTLITY PATHWAY
- An increase in sympathetic nervous system will increase the secretion of epinephrine that will act on the Left ventricle myocardium allowing for an increase in contractility which decreases End systolic volume leading to an increase in submax Stroke volume.

RESISTANCE PATHWAY
- With an increase in exercise intensity will increase muscle contractions that produce local conditions for chemoreceptors to detect and trigger vasodilation in the arterioles. This will increase vessel radius and a decrease in resistance allowing for a decrease in ESV resulting in an increase in submax SV.

Question 11

What two factors increase pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 11

Epinephrine and accumulation of hydrogen from the bicarbonate buffer.

Question 12

What happens to Cardiac Output Max during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 12

Cardiac output max will stay the same because all values that make cardiac output are not affected by a change in intensity of exercise.

Question 13

What happens to Cardiac output Submax during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 13

Cardiac output submax will increase with exercise because Heart rate submax and stroke volume submax increase during exercise.

Question 14

What happens to VO2 max during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 14

VO2 max will stay the same during exercise because all values in the Fick’s equation do not change with intensity.

Question 15

What is Fick’s equation?

Answer 15

VO2= Q x (A-V) O2 Difference
VO2 = HR x SV x (A-V) O2 Difference

Question 16

What happens to VO2 submax during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 16

VO2 submax will increase during exercise because all values increase with intensity. An increase in HR submax, SV submax, and (A-V) O2 Difference submax.

Question 17

What happens to Lactate threshold during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 17

Lactate threshold will stay the same during exercise as it is not affected by an increase of exercise intensity.

Question 18

What happens to blood ph during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 18

Blood ph will decrease because of an accumulation of hydrogen from glycolysis due to an decrease in ATP, increase in AMP, and increase in G6P activating PFK speeding up glycolysis causing blood levels to become more acidic during exercise.

Question 19

What happens to Plasma volume during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 19

Plasma volumes will decrease during exercise because an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity will increase the secretion of epinephrine acting on arterioles to vasodilate resulting in sweating through exercise which lowers plasma volume.

Question 20

What happens to Red Blood Cells during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 20

Red blood cells will stay the same and are not affected by a change in exercise intensity.

Question 21

What happens to Hematocrit during exercise (Intensity)?

Answer 21

Hematocrit will increase because decreased plasma levels which increases the ratio of formed elements to plasma and the total blood volume.

Question 22

What happens to Blood pressure submax during exercise (Intensity)?`

Answer 22

Blood pressure submax will increase with a change of exercise intensity.

Question 23

What happens to Resting Heart Rate during chronic training?

Answer 23

Resting heart rate will decrease because a trained person will have a more active parasympathetic nervous system and vagal tone acting on the sinoatrial node.

Question 24

What happens to Heart rate max during chronic training?

Answer 24

Heart rate max will stay the same as it is not affected by chronic training. It is only determined by age.

Question 25

What happens to Heart rate submax during chronic training?

Answer 25

Heart rate submax will decrease with chronic training because a trained person will have a higher submax stroke volume. This means they can pump out more blood with stronger contractions at a slower rate compared to an untrained person.

Question 26

What happens to (A-V) O2 Difference max during chronic training?

Answer 26

(A-V) O2 difference max will increase with a trained person because they will have an adaptation of increased mitochondrial density, increased Red blood cells, increased capillary density, increased O2 enzymes, and increased myoglobin.

Question 27

What are the O2 Enzymes?

Answer 27

Isocitrate Hydrogenase, Citrate synthase, Succinate Dehydrogenase, Cytochrome Oxidase, and Lipoprotein Lipase.

Question 28

What happens to (A-V) O2 Difference submax during chronic training?

Answer 28

(A-V) O2 difference submax will be the same between an untrained and trained person because at any given intensity there is a given O2 requirement.