Chapter 2 Bioenergetics Flashcards
Carbs inside the blood is _______ and carbs used as storage is __________.
Glucose, Glycogen
Fat inside the blood is ___________ and when fat is used as storage it is _____________.
Fatty free acids, Triglycerides
The process of storing fatty free acids into triglycerides is ________________. The enzyme that is used is called a(n) _____________________.
Lipogenesis, Ester Enzyme
The process of breaking down triglycerides into fatty free acids is __________________. The enzyme that is used is _____________________.
Lipolysis, Lipoprotein Lipase
The process of glucose being stored as glycogen is ______________. The enzyme that is used is ________________.
Glycogenesis, Glycogen Synthase
The process of breaking down glycogen and converting it into glucose is _________________. The enzyme that is used is _____________________.
Glycogenolysis, Glycogen Phosphorylase
Protein inside the blood is called _____________ and when protein is used as storage is _________________.
Amino acids. Body proteins
The process of storing amino acids as body proteins is ______________.
Protein Synthesis
The process of breaking down body proteins into amino acids is ____________________.
Protein breakdown
The process of converting non-carbohydrate substrates into glucose is called ____________. Where in the body is it found?
Gluconeogenesis, Liver
The enzyme in gluconeogenesis is called ________________.
Glucose-6-Phosphatase
The two cycles in gluconeogenesis are called ________________ and __________________.
Glucose-Alanine Cycle, Cori Cycle
The conversion of amino acids into glucose is called _______________. The conversion of Lactic acid into glucose is called _________________.
Glucose-Alanine Cycle, Cori Cycle
The anaerobic metabolic systems are __________________.
ATP-PCR System, Glycolysis
The aerobic metabolic systems are called __________________.
Kreb Cycle, Electron transport chain, Beta-oxidation
What is a rate limiting enzyme?
The enzyme that controls the speed of a process.
In the ATP-PCR system what enzyme is used in this process?
ATP ➡️ ADP + Pi + e
ATPase
PCR ➡️ Pi + Cr + e
What is the enzyme used?
Creatine Kinase
ADP + Pi + e ➡️ ATP
What enzyme is used in the process?
ATP Synthase
ADP + ADP ➡️ ATP + AMP
What is the enzyme that is used in this process?
Myokinase
ADP + PCR ➡️ ATP + Cr
What is the enzyme that is used in this process?
Creatine Kinase
What is the process in the ATP-PCR system that takes place in the mitochondria? How long does the system need to replenish?
Pi + Cr + e ➡️ PCR, 3 minutes
In Glycolysis the process of glucose converting into glucose-6-phosphate is controlled by an enzyme called _________________. What is the ATP usage in the process?
Hexokinase, -1 ATP
In Glycolysis the process of converting glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate is controlled by an enzyme called ___________________. What is the ATP usage in the process?
Glycogen phosphorylase, 0 ATP
In the process of Glucose-6-phosphate converting into 2 pyruvate what is the enzyme called ______________. What is the ATP usage?
Phosphofructokinase, -1 ATP in the beginning but +4 at the end.
Fill in the blanks.
The liver’s glycogen gets converted into glucose by the process of __________________ and the new glucose gets converted into glucose-6-phosphate with an enzyme called _________________.
Glycogenolysis, Hexokinase
What are the six fates of lactic acid?
Going back to the same muscle, to the heart, to the kidneys, to other muscles, to a buffer system, and to the liver.
The enzyme used in the process of converting 2 pyruvate into lactic acid is _________________.
Lactic Dehydrogenase
Fill in the blanks.
Glucose-6-phosphate gets converted into 2 pyruvate by an enzyme called _____________________. The 2 pyruvate gets converted to _______________ with an enzyme called ___________________. _______________ goes to the liver through a process called _______________ where it can get eventually get broken down into _____________ by glycogenolysis.
1.) Phosphofructokinase
2.) Lactic Acid
3.) Lactic Dehydrogenase
4.) Lactic Acid
5.) Gluconeogenesis
6.) Glucose
The use of glycogen in Glycolysis has a net ATP of ___________.
+3 ATP
The use of glucose for Glycolysis has a net ATP of ______________.
+2 ATP
What are the two electron carriers in Glycolysis? What’s their reduced form?
NAD, FAD
NADH+H+, FADH2
The rate limiting enzyme in the Glycolysis process is _______________.
Phosphofructokinase
The rate limiting enzyme in the Electron Transport Chain process is _______________.
Cytochrome Oxidase
The rate limiting enzyme in the Kreb Cycle process is __________________.
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
The enzyme that converts 2 molecules of Pyruvate into 2 Acetyl COA is _______________.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
What are the three enzymes inside in the Kreb Cycle?
Citrate Synthase, Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, and Succinate Dehydrogenase
What is the net ATP generated in one Kreb Cycle and where does it specifically come from?
+10 ATP
7.5 ATP from 3NADH+H+
1 ATP
1.5 ATP from FAD2
Fill in the blanks.
When FAD becomes reduced it turns into ___________ and goes to the ____ ________________ of the electron transport chain.
FADH2, 2nd Cytochrome
What is the purpose of the Electron Transport Chain?
To generate energy to create ATP.
The byproduct of the Electron Transport Chain is _______.
H20
Where does the energy made from the Electron Transport Chain go to? What enzyme is used in the process?
The energy goes into ADP + Pi + e ➡️ ATP
ATP Synthase
What molecule is at the end of the Electron Transport to create the byproduct?
O2
How much ATP is create from 2NADH+H+? Show Calculations.
5 ATP
2x2.5
When the Aerobic pathway of Glycolysis is at capacity where does 2NADH+H+?
2 Pyruvate which reduces it turning it into Lactic Acid.
Activation of Phosphofructokinase is used in what type of workouts?
High Intensity
The three ways Phosphofructokinase can get activated are?
Low levels of ATP - From ADP +Pi + e ➡️ ATP
High levels of AMP - ADP+ADP ➡️ ATP + AMP
High levels of G6P - Breakdown from Liver Glycogen by Epinephrine
Glycogen Phosphorylase in the process of Glycogenolysis can get activated by a hormone called ___________.
Epinephrine
How long does the ATP-PCR system last before it needs to replenish?
10-15 seconds