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KIN 346 > Chapter 2 Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Carbs inside the blood is _______ and carbs used as storage is __________.

A

Glucose, Glycogen

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2
Q

Fat inside the blood is ___________ and when fat is used as storage it is _____________.

A

Fatty free acids, Triglycerides

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3
Q

The process of storing fatty free acids into triglycerides is ________________. The enzyme that is used is called a(n) _____________________.

A

Lipogenesis, Ester Enzyme

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4
Q

The process of breaking down triglycerides into fatty free acids is __________________. The enzyme that is used is _____________________.

A

Lipolysis, Lipoprotein Lipase

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5
Q

The process of glucose being stored as glycogen is ______________. The enzyme that is used is ________________.

A

Glycogenesis, Glycogen Synthase

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6
Q

The process of breaking down glycogen and converting it into glucose is _________________. The enzyme that is used is _____________________.

A

Glycogenolysis, Glycogen Phosphorylase

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7
Q

Protein inside the blood is called _____________ and when protein is used as storage is _________________.

A

Amino acids. Body proteins

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8
Q

The process of storing amino acids as body proteins is ______________.

A

Protein Synthesis

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9
Q

The process of breaking down body proteins into amino acids is ____________________.

A

Protein breakdown

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10
Q

The process of converting non-carbohydrate substrates into glucose is called ____________. Where in the body is it found?

A

Gluconeogenesis, Liver

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11
Q

The enzyme in gluconeogenesis is called ________________.

A

Glucose-6-Phosphatase

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12
Q

The two cycles in gluconeogenesis are called ________________ and __________________.

A

Glucose-Alanine Cycle, Cori Cycle

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13
Q

The conversion of amino acids into glucose is called _______________. The conversion of Lactic acid into glucose is called _________________.

A

Glucose-Alanine Cycle, Cori Cycle

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14
Q

The anaerobic metabolic systems are __________________.

A

ATP-PCR System, Glycolysis

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15
Q

The aerobic metabolic systems are called __________________.

A

Kreb Cycle, Electron transport chain, Beta-oxidation

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16
Q

What is a rate limiting enzyme?

A

The enzyme that controls the speed of a process.

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17
Q

In the ATP-PCR system what enzyme is used in this process?

ATP ➡️ ADP + Pi + e

A

ATPase

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18
Q

PCR ➡️ Pi + Cr + e

What is the enzyme used?

A

Creatine Kinase

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19
Q

ADP + Pi + e ➡️ ATP

What enzyme is used in the process?

A

ATP Synthase

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20
Q

ADP + ADP ➡️ ATP + AMP

What is the enzyme that is used in this process?

A

Myokinase

21
Q

ADP + PCR ➡️ ATP + Cr

What is the enzyme that is used in this process?

A

Creatine Kinase

22
Q

What is the process in the ATP-PCR system that takes place in the mitochondria? How long does the system need to replenish?

A

Pi + Cr + e ➡️ PCR, 3 minutes

23
Q

In Glycolysis the process of glucose converting into glucose-6-phosphate is controlled by an enzyme called _________________. What is the ATP usage in the process?

A

Hexokinase, -1 ATP

24
Q

In Glycolysis the process of converting glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate is controlled by an enzyme called ___________________. What is the ATP usage in the process?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase, 0 ATP

25
Q

In the process of Glucose-6-phosphate converting into 2 pyruvate what is the enzyme called ______________. What is the ATP usage?

A

Phosphofructokinase, -1 ATP in the beginning but +4 at the end.

26
Q

Fill in the blanks.

The liver’s glycogen gets converted into glucose by the process of __________________ and the new glucose gets converted into glucose-6-phosphate with an enzyme called _________________.

A

Glycogenolysis, Hexokinase

27
Q

What are the six fates of lactic acid?

A

Going back to the same muscle, to the heart, to the kidneys, to other muscles, to a buffer system, and to the liver.

28
Q

The enzyme used in the process of converting 2 pyruvate into lactic acid is _________________.

A

Lactic Dehydrogenase

29
Q

Fill in the blanks.

Glucose-6-phosphate gets converted into 2 pyruvate by an enzyme called _____________________. The 2 pyruvate gets converted to _______________ with an enzyme called ___________________. _______________ goes to the liver through a process called _______________ where it can get eventually get broken down into _____________ by glycogenolysis.

A

1.) Phosphofructokinase
2.) Lactic Acid
3.) Lactic Dehydrogenase
4.) Lactic Acid
5.) Gluconeogenesis
6.) Glucose

30
Q

The use of glycogen in Glycolysis has a net ATP of ___________.

A

+3 ATP

31
Q

The use of glucose for Glycolysis has a net ATP of ______________.

A

+2 ATP

32
Q

What are the two electron carriers in Glycolysis? What’s their reduced form?

A

NAD, FAD
NADH+H+, FADH2

33
Q

The rate limiting enzyme in the Glycolysis process is _______________.

A

Phosphofructokinase

34
Q

The rate limiting enzyme in the Electron Transport Chain process is _______________.

A

Cytochrome Oxidase

35
Q

The rate limiting enzyme in the Kreb Cycle process is __________________.

A

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

36
Q

The enzyme that converts 2 molecules of Pyruvate into 2 Acetyl COA is _______________.

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

37
Q

What are the three enzymes inside in the Kreb Cycle?

A

Citrate Synthase, Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, and Succinate Dehydrogenase

38
Q

What is the net ATP generated in one Kreb Cycle and where does it specifically come from?

A

+10 ATP
7.5 ATP from 3NADH+H+
1 ATP
1.5 ATP from FAD2

39
Q

Fill in the blanks.

When FAD becomes reduced it turns into ___________ and goes to the ____ ________________ of the electron transport chain.

A

FADH2, 2nd Cytochrome

40
Q

What is the purpose of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

To generate energy to create ATP.

41
Q

The byproduct of the Electron Transport Chain is _______.

A

H20

42
Q

Where does the energy made from the Electron Transport Chain go to? What enzyme is used in the process?

A

The energy goes into ADP + Pi + e ➡️ ATP
ATP Synthase

43
Q

What molecule is at the end of the Electron Transport to create the byproduct?

A

O2

44
Q

How much ATP is create from 2NADH+H+? Show Calculations.

A

5 ATP
2x2.5

45
Q

When the Aerobic pathway of Glycolysis is at capacity where does 2NADH+H+?

A

2 Pyruvate which reduces it turning it into Lactic Acid.

46
Q

Activation of Phosphofructokinase is used in what type of workouts?

A

High Intensity

47
Q

The three ways Phosphofructokinase can get activated are?

A

Low levels of ATP - From ADP +Pi + e ➡️ ATP
High levels of AMP - ADP+ADP ➡️ ATP + AMP
High levels of G6P - Breakdown from Liver Glycogen by Epinephrine

48
Q

Glycogen Phosphorylase in the process of Glycogenolysis can get activated by a hormone called ___________.

A

Epinephrine

49
Q

How long does the ATP-PCR system last before it needs to replenish?

A

10-15 seconds

KIN 346 (8 decks)

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