Chapter 8 Respiratory Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main parts of respiration?

A

Pulmonary ventilation, Pulmonary diffusion, transportation, and capillary diffusion

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2
Q

What parts of respiration are considered external respiration?

A

Pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary diffusion

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3
Q

What part of respiration is considered internal respiration?

A

Capillary diffusion

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4
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Moving air in and out of your lungs

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5
Q

What is pulmonary diffusion?

A

The gas exchange within the lungs.

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6
Q

What is transportation?

A

Bringing oxygen to the exercising muscle.

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7
Q

What is capillary diffusion?

A

The gas exchange within the capillaries and muscles.

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8
Q

What two components make up pulmonary ventilation?

A

Inspiration and expiration.

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9
Q

Describe the process of inspiration.

A

It is an active process that moves air into the lungs by the contraction of the diaphragm allowing the lungs to expand which increases volume and decreases pressure through Boyle’s law creating a pressure gradient that makes outside air come into the lungs.

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10
Q

True or false.
Expiration is always passive.

A

False.
Expiration can be active through forced expiration.

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11
Q

Describe the process of expiration.

A

It is usually a passive process that moves air out of the lungs through the relaxation of the diaphragm compressing the lungs causing a decrease in volume and increase in pressure through Boyle’s law that makes a pressure gradient where the inside air pressure is greater than outside air pressure making air leave the lungs.

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12
Q

What is a pressure gradient?

A

A difference in pressure

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13
Q

What is Tidal volume? (TV)

A

The amount of air in a normal breath.

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14
Q

What is Inspiratory reserve volume? (IRV)

A

The additional amount of air you could inspire beyond a normal inspiration.

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15
Q

What makes up Inspiratory capacity? (IC)

A

Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve capacity.

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16
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume? (ERV)

A

The amount of air you could expire beyond a normal expiration.

17
Q

What is residual volume? (RV)

A

The amount of air left after a maximal expiration.

18
Q

What makes up Functional residual capacity? (FRC)

A

Expiratory reserve volume + Residual volume

19
Q

What is vital capacity? (VC)

A

The maximum amount of air that can be moved through the lungs in one breath.

20
Q

What makes up Total lung capacity? (TLC)

A

Vital capacity + residual volume.

21
Q

What four components make up the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar wall, alveolar basement membrane, capillary basement membrane, and capillary wall.

22
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

Total air pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures.

23
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

Gasses dissolve in liquid in proportion to their partial pressure.

24
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

The rate of diffusion is proportional to the surface area and the partial pressure gas gradient.

25
Q

Fill in the blanks.
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveola is __________ than the capillary. The partial pressure of Carbon dioxide in the alveola is _________ than the capillary.

A

Greater, lesser

26
Q

Describe the process of pulmonary diffusion.

A

Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveola will diffuse through the respiratory membrane into the capillary because of a pressure gradient. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide will also diffuse through the respiratory membrane from the capillary to the alveola.

27
Q

How does Dalton’s law, Henry’s law, and Fick’s law relate to pulmonary diffusion?

A

Dalton’s law: Since is there partial pressure of both oxygen and carbon dioxide in both alveola and capillary there will be a pressure gradient for both causing high concentration to move to a lower concentration.

Henry’s law: If the partial pressure of oxygen is high so will the amount of oxygen that will dissolve in the blood of the capillaries.

Fick’s law: The partial pressure gradient increases due to exercise intensity which will speed up the rate of diffusion. More surface area allows for more capillaries to drop off oxygen to the muscles.

28
Q

What does oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin mean?

A

Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin that has high saturation.

Deoxyhemoglobin: Hemoglobin that has low saturation.

29
Q

What are the factors that decrease hemoglobin saturation?

A

Low PO2, Decreased blood PH, and increased temperature.

30
Q

What is the BOHR effect?

A

A decrease in blood PH will decrease hemoglobin saturation and will always be lower compared to normal blood PH and hemoglobin saturation.

31
Q

How does temperature affect hemoglobin saturation?

A

An increase in temperature will cause the hemoglobin saturation to decrease.

32
Q

Explain myoglobin saturation and hemoglobin saturation.

A

In low PO2 hemoglobin saturation will decrease because it loses its affinity to oxygen dropping oxygen at the muscle where myoglobin’s affinity of oxygen is still high which will pick up oxygen where it will stay fully saturated until it drops off at the mitochondria.

33
Q

What is (A-V)O2 difference?

A

The difference between the oxygen content in the artery and the oxygen content in the vein. It gives us information about how much oxygen the muscle consumed.

34
Q

How is (A-V)O2 difference affected by exercise?

A

Increasing exercise intensity will increase (A-V)O2 difference to go up.