Chapter 8 Respiratory Control

Question 1

What are the four main parts of respiration?

Answer 1

Pulmonary ventilation, Pulmonary diffusion, transportation, and capillary diffusion

Question 2

What parts of respiration are considered external respiration?

Answer 2

Pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary diffusion

Question 3

What part of respiration is considered internal respiration?

Answer 3

Capillary diffusion

Question 4

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 4

Moving air in and out of your lungs

Question 5

What is pulmonary diffusion?

Answer 5

The gas exchange within the lungs.

Question 6

What is transportation?

Answer 6

Bringing oxygen to the exercising muscle.

Question 7

What is capillary diffusion?

Answer 7

The gas exchange within the capillaries and muscles.

Question 8

What two components make up pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 8

Inspiration and expiration.

Question 9

Describe the process of inspiration.

Answer 9

It is an active process that moves air into the lungs by the contraction of the diaphragm allowing the lungs to expand which increases volume and decreases pressure through Boyle’s law creating a pressure gradient that makes outside air come into the lungs.

Question 10

True or false.
Expiration is always passive.

Answer 10

False.
Expiration can be active through forced expiration.

Question 11

Describe the process of expiration.

Answer 11

It is usually a passive process that moves air out of the lungs through the relaxation of the diaphragm compressing the lungs causing a decrease in volume and increase in pressure through Boyle’s law that makes a pressure gradient where the inside air pressure is greater than outside air pressure making air leave the lungs.

Question 12

What is a pressure gradient?

Answer 12

A difference in pressure

Question 13

What is Tidal volume? (TV)

Answer 13

The amount of air in a normal breath.

Question 14

What is Inspiratory reserve volume? (IRV)

Answer 14

The additional amount of air you could inspire beyond a normal inspiration.

Question 15

What makes up Inspiratory capacity? (IC)

Answer 15

Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve capacity.

Question 16

What is expiratory reserve volume? (ERV)

Answer 16

The amount of air you could expire beyond a normal expiration.

Question 17

What is residual volume? (RV)

Answer 17

The amount of air left after a maximal expiration.

Question 18

What makes up Functional residual capacity? (FRC)

Answer 18

Expiratory reserve volume + Residual volume

Question 19

What is vital capacity? (VC)

Answer 19

The maximum amount of air that can be moved through the lungs in one breath.

Question 20

What makes up Total lung capacity? (TLC)

Answer 20

Vital capacity + residual volume.

Question 21

What four components make up the respiratory membrane?

Answer 21

Alveolar wall, alveolar basement membrane, capillary basement membrane, and capillary wall.

Question 22

What is Dalton’s law?

Answer 22

Total air pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures.

Question 23

What is Henry’s law?

Answer 23

Gasses dissolve in liquid in proportion to their partial pressure.

Question 24

What is Fick’s law?

Answer 24

The rate of diffusion is proportional to the surface area and the partial pressure gas gradient.

Question 25

Fill in the blanks.
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveola is __________ than the capillary. The partial pressure of Carbon dioxide in the alveola is _________ than the capillary.

Answer 25

Greater, lesser

Question 26

Describe the process of pulmonary diffusion.

Answer 26

Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveola will diffuse through the respiratory membrane into the capillary because of a pressure gradient. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide will also diffuse through the respiratory membrane from the capillary to the alveola.

Question 27

How does Dalton’s law, Henry’s law, and Fick’s law relate to pulmonary diffusion?

Answer 27

Dalton’s law: Since is there partial pressure of both oxygen and carbon dioxide in both alveola and capillary there will be a pressure gradient for both causing high concentration to move to a lower concentration.

Henry’s law: If the partial pressure of oxygen is high so will the amount of oxygen that will dissolve in the blood of the capillaries.

Fick’s law: The partial pressure gradient increases due to exercise intensity which will speed up the rate of diffusion. More surface area allows for more capillaries to drop off oxygen to the muscles.

Question 28

What does oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin mean?

Answer 28

Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin that has high saturation.

Deoxyhemoglobin: Hemoglobin that has low saturation.

Question 29

What are the factors that decrease hemoglobin saturation?

Answer 29

Low PO2, Decreased blood PH, and increased temperature.

Question 30

What is the BOHR effect?

Answer 30

A decrease in blood PH will decrease hemoglobin saturation and will always be lower compared to normal blood PH and hemoglobin saturation.

Question 31

How does temperature affect hemoglobin saturation?

Answer 31

An increase in temperature will cause the hemoglobin saturation to decrease.

Question 32

Explain myoglobin saturation and hemoglobin saturation.

Answer 32

In low PO2 hemoglobin saturation will decrease because it loses its affinity to oxygen dropping oxygen at the muscle where myoglobin’s affinity of oxygen is still high which will pick up oxygen where it will stay fully saturated until it drops off at the mitochondria.

Question 33

What is (A-V)O2 difference?

Answer 33

The difference between the oxygen content in the artery and the oxygen content in the vein. It gives us information about how much oxygen the muscle consumed.

Question 34

How is (A-V)O2 difference affected by exercise?

Answer 34

Increasing exercise intensity will increase (A-V)O2 difference to go up.