Chapter 9

Question 1

Mindset

Answer 1

a cognitive framework to guide one’s attention, information processing, decision making and thinking about the meaning of effort, success, failure and one’s own personal qualities.

Question 2

Mindset 1: Deliberative-Implemental

Answer 2

Two sequential ways of thinking to differentiate the patterns of thought that occur during goal-setting vs goal striving.
Deliberative: open-minded way of thinking to consider the desirability and feasibility of a range of possible goals that one may or may not pursue
Implement: A postdescional closed-minded way of thinking that considers only information related to goal attachment and shields against non-goal-related considerations

Question 3

Mindset 2: Promotion-prevention

Answer 3

two different orientations people adopt goal striving to distinguish an eager improvement based regulatory style from a vigilant security based regulatory style
Promotion: A focus on advancing the self toward ideals by adopting and eager locomotion behavioural strategy
Prevention: A focus on preventing the self from not maintaining one’s duties and responsibilities by adopting a vigilant behavioural strategy.

Question 4

Mindset 3: Growth-Fixed

Answer 4

two contrasting ways of thinking about the nature of one’s personal qualities

growth: the belief that one’s personal qualities are malleable, changeable and can be developed through effort
fixed: the belief that one’s personal qualities are fixed, set and not open to change

Question 5

Adopt mastery goals compared to adopt performance goals

Answer 5

1. prefer challenging tasks that they can learn from rather than easy tasks on which they can demonstrate high ability
2. use conceptually based learning strategies such as relating information to existing knowledge rather than superficial learning strategies such as memorizing
3. be intrinisically rather than extrinsically motivated
4. ask for help and information from others that will allow them to continue to work on their own.

Question 6

Ways to reduce cognitive dissonance

Answer 6

remove the dissonant belief
reduce the importance of the dissonant belief
add new constant belief
increase the importance of the consonant belief

Question 7

Self-perception Theory

Answer 7

argues that people develop and change their beliefs for a reason that does not involve a mindset. interpretation that people develop and change their behavior based simply on self-observation.

Question 8

regulatory focus theory

Answer 8

proposes that people strive for their goals by using two separate and independent motivational orientations: promotion and prevention

Question 9

promotion mindset

Answer 9

focus on advancing the self towards ideal by adopting an eager locomotion behavioral startegy

Question 10

prevention mindest

Answer 10

the focus is on preventing the self from not maintaining one’s duties and responsibilities by adopting a vigilant behavioral strategy.

Question 11

Basic tenets of cognative dissonance theory

Answer 11

people dislike inconsistency
the experience of dissonance is psychologically aversive and people seek to reduce dissonance by striving to maintain consistency in their beliefs, attitudes, values and behaviours