Chapter 8

Question 1

Two types Discrepancy

Answer 1

Discrepancy reduction which is based on the discrepancy-detecing feedback that underlies plans and corrective motivation.
Discrepancy creation is based on a “feed-forward” system in which the person looks forward and sets a future, higher goal.

Question 2

Distinctions between discrepancy reduction and discrepancy creation

Answer 2

1. Discrepancy reduction corresponds to plan-based corrective motivation whereas discrepancy creation corresponds to goal-setting motivation.
2. Discrepancy reduction is reactive, deficiency overcoming and involves a negative feedback system whereas discrepancy creation is proactive, growth pursuing and involves a positive feedback or “feed-forward” system

Question 3

Goal Setting

Answer 3

whatever an individual is striving to accomplish
goals generate motivation by focusing people’s attention on the discrepancy between their present level of accomplishment and their ideal level of accomplishment.

Question 4

Goal difficulty

Answer 4

refers to how hard a goal is to accomplish

Question 5

Goal specficity

Answer 5

refers to how clearly a goal informs the performer precisely what he is to do

Question 6

Goal Congruence

Answer 6

goals that reflect the self’s interests, needs, values and prefernces, they are goals that feel authentic and in harmony with the self

Question 7

Long-term Goal Setting

Answer 7

facilitate intrinsic motivations
people prefer to pursue them n their own way and at their own place and this sense of autonomy and agency explains why long-term goals can increase intrinsic motivation

Question 8

Mental Stimulations

Answer 8

Outcome Stimuluation: visualize yourself getting a high grade and imagine how you would feel
Process Stimulation: Visualize yourself studying for the midterm in such a way that would lead you obtain a high grade on a test

Question 9

Implementation intention

Answer 9

is an “if-then” plan that specficies the goal-striving process in advance
the if part concerns encountering a critical situational cue
while then part concerns specfiying the goal striving responses.

Question 10

To form an implemention intention

Answer 10

1. person needs to identify a response that will lead to goal attainment
2. the person needs to anticipate a suitable occasion to initate the response

Question 11

Goal disengagement

Answer 11

is the reduction of the effort and commitement in the face of an unattainable goal