Chapter 9

Question 1

semantics

Answer 1

study of the meaning of words, concered with linguistic meaning that is shared by all competent users of a language

Question 2

referential meaning

Answer 2

objective or factual meaning of words and not the subjective or personal meaning (dictionaries)

Question 3

associative/emotive meaning

Answer 3

feelings or reactions to words that may be found among some individuals/groups but not all

Question 4

semantic features

Answer 4

analyzing the meaning of words in terms of qualities they have [+animate]

Question 5

componential analysis

Answer 5

approach that treats features as basic elements of meaning (some words are very hard to attach semantic features to)

Question 6

semantic roles/thematic roles

Answer 6

the semantic role of a noun

Question 7

agent

Answer 7

the entity that PERFORMS the action

Question 8

theme

Answer 8

the entity that is involved in or affected by the action (or is described)

Question 9

instrument

Answer 9

instrument is used when an agent uses another entity to perform an action (often proposition WITH)

Question 10

experiencer

Answer 10

noun phrase used to designate an entity as the person who has a feeling, perception or state (the woman felt sad)

Question 11

location

Answer 11

where an entity is

Question 12

source

Answer 12

where the entity moves from

Question 13

goal

Answer 13

where the entity moves to

Question 14

lexical relations

Answer 14

characterizing the meaning of a word in terms of its relationship to other words

Question 15

synonymy

Answer 15

two or more words with very closely related meanings

Question 16

antonymy

Answer 16

two words with opposite meanings

Question 17

gradable antonyms

Answer 17

can be used in comparative constructions (smaller, slower, sadder)

Question 18

non-gradable antonyms

Answer 18

complementary pairs, cant be used in comparative (male/female, dead/alive)

Question 19

reversives

Answer 19

antonyms that are not necessarily the negatives of the other, but are the opposite

Question 20

hyponomy

Answer 20

meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another (rose is a hyponym of flower)

Question 21

superordinate

Answer 21

the “higher level” terms in hyponymy (flower)

Question 22

co-hyponyms

Answer 22

two or three words that share the same superordinate (rose, dahlia, lily)

Question 23

prototypes

Answer 23

the idea of “the characteristic instance” (the best example of a superordinate, e.g., bird: NO penguin, YES pigeon)

Question 24

homophones

Answer 24

two or more different written forms have the same pronunciation (meat/meet)

Question 25

homonyms

Answer 25

one form (spoken or written) has two or more unrelated meanings (race > marathon, race > ethnicity)

Question 26

polysemy

Answer 26

two or more words with the same form and related meanings (foot > of a person, of a bed, of a mountain)

Question 27

collocation

Answer 27

things that frequently occur together

Question 28

corpus linguistics

Answer 28

large collection of texts, spoken or written, that is then used to find out how often specific words or phrases occur and what types of collocations are most common

Question 29

concordance

Answer 29

a listing of each occurrence of a word in a corpus, along with the words surrounding it