Chapter 3 & 4

Question 1

phonetics

Answer 1

the genera; study of the characteristics of speech sounds

Question 2

articulatory phonetics

Answer 2

study of how speech sounds are articulated

Question 3

acoustic phonetics

Answer 3

physical properties of speech as sounds waves in the air

Question 4

auditory phonetics

Answer 4

deals with perception/via the ear/ of speech sounds

Question 5

features of consonants

Answer 5

voiced/voiceless, place of articulation and manner of articulation

Question 6

voiced vs voiceless

Answer 6

voiced = vocal folds drawn together (ZZZZ)

Question 7

place of articulation

Answer 7

location inside the mouth where the constriction takes place

Question 8

bilabial consonants

Answer 8

use both lips; /m/, /b/

Question 9

labiodental consonants

Answer 9

formed using upper front teeth and lower lip; /f/

Question 10

alveolar consonants

Answer 10

tongue behind the upper teeth; /t/

Question 11

dental consonants

Answer 11

teeth involved in creation; /th/

Question 12

interdental consonants

Answer 12

sounds made with tongue between teeth

Question 13

palatal consonants

Answer 13

alveolar ridge meets palate; /j/

Question 14

velar consonants

Answer 14

back of the mouth; /k/

Question 15

glottal consonant

Answer 15

produced without active use of tongue; /h/

Question 16

manner of articulation

Answer 16

how a consonant is produced

Question 17

stop consonant/plosive

Answer 17

blocks the air briefly; /b/

Question 18

fricative consonant

Answer 18

almost blocks airflow, lets the air escape through narrow gap; /s/

Question 19

affricate consonant

Answer 19

combine brief stop with fricative; /tsj/

Question 20

nasal consonant

Answer 20

let air flow through nose; /n/

Question 21

liquid consonant

Answer 21

let airflow escape round sides of raised and curled tongue; /r/

Question 22

glide consonants

Answer 22

move tongue to or from vowel; /w/, /y/

Question 23

glottal stop

Answer 23

vocal folds are closed completely very briefly, then released; uh-uh

Question 24

flap

Answer 24

produced by tongue tapping the alveolar ridge briefly ; flap /t/ consonants to /d/; budder

Question 25

vowels

Answer 25

produced with relatively free flow of air

Question 26

vowel features

Answer 26

high (i)/low (a) | front (i)/back (u)

Question 27

diphthong

Answer 27

combination of two vowel sounds

Question 28

phonology

Answer 28

description of systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language; concerned with abstract aspect of the sounds in a language

Question 29

phoneme

Answer 29

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can make a difference in meaning

Question 30

natural class

Answer 30

things that phonemes can have in common (place, manner or voicing)

Question 31

phones

Answer 31

different versions of a phoneme

Question 32

allophones

Answer 32

multiple versions of one phoneme

Question 33

aspiration

Answer 33

puff of air (usually accompanying sounds) [t^h]

Question 34

complementary distribution

Answer 34

two pronunciations of a sound type are used in different places in words

Question 35

minimal pair

Answer 35

words that are identical except for one phoneme

Question 36

minimal set

Answer 36

group of words can be differentiated by changing one phoneme (always in the same position)

Question 37

phonotactics

Answer 37

constraints on the sequence or position of English phonemes

Question 38

syllable

Answer 38

must contain a vowel (or vowel-like) sound, including diphthongs

Question 39

onset

Answer 39

one or more consonants

Question 40

rhyme

Answer 40

vowel, the nucleus

Question 41

coda

Answer 41

following consonants

Question 42

syllable structure

Answer 42

onset-(rhyme-coda)

Question 43

open syllables

Answer 43

syllables without coda

Question 44

closed syllables

Answer 44

with a coda present

Question 45

consonant cluster

Answer 45

more than 1 consonant in the coda or onset

Question 46

CCC

Answer 46

consonant cluster with 3 consonants, always starts with an /s/, followed by /ptk/ and then /lrw/

Question 47

coarticulation effects

Answer 47

effects of coarticulation

Question 48

coarticulation

Answer 48

making one sound at the same time as the next sound

Question 49

assimilation

Answer 49

two sound segments occur in sequence and some aspect of one segment is copied by the other (e.g. irregular)

Question 50

nasalization

Answer 50

vowels become nasal whenever they immediately precede a nasal (can)

Question 51

elision

Answer 51

not pronouncing a sound segment that might be present in the careful pronunciation of a word in isolation (evri instead of every)