Chapter 10 & 11

Question 1

pragmatics

Answer 1

the study of what speakers mean

Question 2

physical context

Answer 2

location out there where we encounter words and pharases

Question 3

linguistic context

Answer 3

the surrounding words/co-text

Question 4

deictic expressions/deixis

Answer 4

expressions that only make sense in context (you, here, tomorrow, last week)

Question 5

reference

Answer 5

an act by which the speaker uses language to enable a listener to identify something, successful act depends on the listener’s ability to recognise the meaning

Question 6

inference

Answer 6

additional information used by the listener to create a connection between what is said and what must be meant

Question 7

anaphora

Answer 7

the second referring back expression (the puppy jumped and IT fell)

Question 8

antecedent

Answer 8

the first mention of the expression (the PUPPY jumped and it fell) (we rent a HOUSE, but we dont like the kitchen)

Question 9

cataphora

Answer 9

reverses antecedent-anaphora relationship by beginning with pronoun “it” (as it tried to jump, the puppy fell) (we rent a house, but we dont like the KITCHEN)

Question 10

presupposition

Answer 10

an assumption made by the speaker or writer that the listener is supposed to know

Question 11

pragmatic markers

Answer 11

ways of indicating how utterances are to be interpreted (attitude of the speaker)

Question 12

face

Answer 12

public self-image

Question 13

politeness

Answer 13

showing awareness and consideration of another person’s face

Question 14

face-threatening act

Answer 14

saying something that represents a threat to another person’s self-image

Question 15

face-saving act

Answer 15

when you say something that lessens the possible threat to another’s face

Question 16

negative face

Answer 16

the need to be independent and free from imposition

Question 17

positive face

Answer 17

the need to be connected, belong, be a member of a group

Question 18

speech act

Answer 18

describe an action that involves language such as “requesting”, “commanding”, “questioning”

the action performed by a speaker with an utterance

Question 19

direct speech act

Answer 19

when an interrogative structure is used with the function of a question (can you bike?)

Question 20

indirect speech act

Answer 20

when an interrogative structure is used to make a request (can you pass the salt?)

Question 21

discourse analysis

Answer 21

how we make sense of what we read, how we successfully take part in a conversation, how we understand speakers who communicate more than they say

Question 22

discourse

Answer 22

language beyond the sentence

Question 23

cohesion

Answer 23

formal ties and connections that exist within texts (cohesive ties)

Question 24

coherence

Answer 24

everything fitting together well, people make sense of what they read and hear

Question 25

turn taking

Answer 25

one person speaks at a time

Question 26

completion point

Answer 26

indicating the end of an utterance (asking a question, pauses after a completed phrase)

Question 27

filled pauses

Answer 27

pauses filled by "uhm, you know, eh"

Question 28

adjacency pair

Answer 28

first & second part (as in, Q&A, thanking & youre welcome)

Question 29

insertion sequence

Answer 29

an adjacency pair that comes between the first and second parts of another pair

Question 30

tautology

Answer 30

something that is obvious (green grass)

Question 31

co-operative principle

Answer 31

make sure your conversational contribution is required, useful

Question 32

quantity maxim

Answer 32

your contribution should be as informative as required, no more no less

Question 33

quality maxim

Answer 33

do not say that which you believe to be false or for which you lack adequate evidence

Question 34

relation maxim

Answer 34

be relevant

Question 35

manner maxim

Answer 35

be clear, brief and orderly

Question 36

hedges

Answer 36

certain expressions to show we are concerned about following the maxims while being co-operative speakers (kind of, sort of, as far as i know)

Question 37

implicature

Answer 37

an additional conveyed meaning

Question 38

schema/script

Answer 38

we create what the text is about (create expectations), based on our expectations of what normally happens