Chapter 9 Flashcards
what is motivation
- initiates, directs, sustains behaviour to satisfy physiological or psychological needs
- all of the processes that initiate, direct and sustain behaviour
- can be either needs or desires that direct or energize our behaviour, when motives are internal they push us to act
- when motives are external (or outside of us) we call them incentives - they pull or entice us to act
what are motives
- needs or desires that energize and direct behaviour toward a goal
what are incentives
- external stimulus enticing us to act
what is intrinsic motivation
- activities motivated without external rewards
- done for enjoyment
what is extrinsic motivation
- activities to gain external reward or avoid undesirable consequence
what is instinct theory
- motivated by innate, unlearned tendencies from genetics
what is the drive reduction theory
- needs must be met to survive
- internal tension called a drive, motivated to reduce it
what is homeostasis
- tendency of body to maintain balanced internal state
- balance body temperature, blood sugar, water, oxygen for survival
what is the arousal theory
- we are motivated to maintain optimal level of arousal
what are stimulus motives
- curiosity, exploration, play
- occur when arousal too low
what is yerkes-dodson law
- performance on task best when arousal level appropriate to difficulty of task
- higher arousal for simple tasks
- moderate arousal for moderate tasks
- low arousal for difficult tasks
what is sensory deprivation
- sensory stimulation reduced to minimum or eliminated
what is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- range of human motivation
- motives at each level must be satisfied before higher ones considered
- physiological needs lowest
- self-actualization needs highest
what are the 5 stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- need for self actualization: need to realize ones fullest potential
- esteem needs: need to achieve, to gain competence, to gain respect and recognition from others
- belonging and love needs: need to love and be loved; need to affiliate with others and be accepted
- safety needs: need for safety and security
- physiological needs: need to satisfy the basic biological needs for food, water, oxygen, sleep and elimination of bodily wastes
what are the 2 types of thirst
- extracellular thirst: body tissues lose fluids; perspiring, bleeding, vomiting
- intracellular thirst: loss of water from inside body cells (eat salty foods)
what is hunger in the lateral hypothalamus
- activated, signals animal to eat
- destroyed, animal refuses to eat until it adapts
what is hunger in the ventromedial hypothalamus
- satiety centre
- when active, inhibits eating
- if removed, experimental animals eat to gross obesity
what are internal cues for hunger
- hunger when brain receives message blood glucose is low
- insulin from pancreas converts glucose into energy
- hormone cholecystokinin is satiety signal
what are external cues for hunger
- external factors influence what, where, how much we eat
- sensory cues of taste, smell, appearance of food
- palatability of food tempts us
what are some examples of eating disorders
- anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
what is obesity
- excessive fatness, body mass index over 30