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Social Science > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is developmental psychology

A
  • studies how we grow, develop and change throughout a lifespan
  • some developmental psychologists specialize in particular age groups
  • others concentrate on specific areas of interest
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2
Q

what is the nature vs nurture controversy in relation to

A
  • heredity vs environment
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3
Q

what are continuous vs discontinuous issues

A
  • quantitative vs qualitative changes
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4
Q

what are stability vs instability issues

A
  • are traits stable or not over time
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5
Q

what is a longitudinal study

A
  • same individuals are measured at different ages
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6
Q

what is a cross-sectional study

A
  • compare groups of different ages at the same time

- less expensive and less time-consuming

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7
Q

what are genes

A
  • basic units for transmission of hereditary traits
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8
Q

what are chromosomes

A
  • contain genes and carry hereditary information
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9
Q

what are sex chromosomes

A
  • 23rd pair of chromosomes
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10
Q

what is a dominant gene

A
  • causes dominant trait to be expressed in the individual
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11
Q

what is a recessive gene

A
  • expressed if paired with another recessive gene
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12
Q

what is a polygenic gene

A
  • several genes produce trait
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13
Q

what is a multifactorial gene

A
  • influenced by both heredity and environment
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14
Q

what are the stages of prenatal development when are they and what do they consist of

A
  1. period of zygote (weeks 0-2): conception (sperm fertilized ovum); zygote attaches to uterine wall
  2. embryonic stage (weeks 3-8): major systems, organs, structures of the body develop in embryo; cephalocaudal and proximodistal development
    3) fetal stage (8 weeks to birth): rapid growth, further development of structures, organs, systems of body develop more
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15
Q

what are identical twins

A
  • one egg fertilized by one sperm
  • zygote slips into two parts
  • forms two embryos with identical genetic codes
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16
Q

what are fraternal twins

A
  • two eggs released during ovulation
  • two eggs fertilized by two different sperms
  • no more alike than ordinary siblings
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17
Q

what are teratogens

A
  • agents in prenatal environment, cause birth defects and other problems
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18
Q

what is the critical period

A
  • when certain body structures develop
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19
Q

what is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A
  • caused by alcohol as a teratogen
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20
Q

what is a low-birth-weight baby

A
  • less than 2.5 kg
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21
Q

what is preterm infant

A
  • born at or before the 37th week
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22
Q

what can cause low birth weight babies or preterm infants

A
  • poor nutrition and prenatal care, smoking, drug use, maternal infection, too short an interval between pregnancies
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23
Q

what is a neonate

A
  • newborn babies up to one month old
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24
Q

what are reflexes

A
  • built-in response to certain stimuli needed for survival

- ex in neonates: sucking, swallowing, coughing and blinking

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25
Q

what is perceptual development in newborns

A
  • five senses functional at birth but not fully developed
  • hearing is better developed than vision
  • can discriminate, prefer certain odours and tastes
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26
Q

what is vision like for newborns

A
  • newborns focus best on objects about 20 cm away
  • can follow moving object
  • most human infants can discriminate depth as soon as they can crawl
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27
Q

what is habituation

A
  • decrease in response or attention

- infant becomes accustomed to stimulus

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28
Q

what are infant motor milestones

A
  • sitting, standing, walking based on genetically determined timetable
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29
Q

what is puberty

A
  • biological changes, leads to sexual maturity
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30
Q

what is adolescent growth spurt

A
  • rapid physical growth
31
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics

A
  • physical characteristics that distinguish mature males from mature females
32
Q

what is the average age of adolescence in boys and girls

A
  • girls: 10 years, range is 7-14

- boys: 12 years, 9-16

33
Q

what is adolescence influenced by

A
  • influenced mainly by heredity

- marked by adolescent growth spurt

34
Q

when do growth spurts begin in children and when is full height attained

A

girls:

  • begins: 10.5 - 13
  • full height: 16-17
    boys:
  • begins: 12.5-15
  • full height: 18-20
35
Q

what is menopause and what are symptoms

A
  • signifies end of reproductive capacity, middle age
  • cessation of mensturation, ages 45-55
  • symptoms: hot flashes, mood swings, depression
36
Q

what indicates middle age in men

A
  • a gradual decrease in testosterone levels from age 20-60
37
Q

what occurs with advanced age

A
  • more farsighted
  • impaired night vision
  • hearing loss in higher frequencies
38
Q

what is the intellectual capacity in early adulthood

A
  • speed tests

- rote ability

39
Q

what is the intellectual capacity in middle age

A
  • general information
  • vocabulary
  • reasoning ability
  • social judgment
40
Q

what is the intellectual capacity in late adulthood

A
  • myelin break down - longer to process information and reaction time is slower
41
Q

what are factors that positively correlate with good cognitive function

A
  • education level
  • complex work environment
  • a long marriage with high functioning spouse
  • high income
  • females live longer and do not experience the same level of cognitive decline
42
Q

what is schema

A
  • one of Piaget’s stages

- cognitive structures or concepts used to identify and interpret objects, events, information in environment

43
Q

what is assimilation

A
  • one of Piaget’s stages

- fit new objects, events, experiences, information into existing schemas

44
Q

what is accommodation

A
  • one of Piaget’s stages

- existing schemas modified or new schemas created

45
Q

what is sensorimotor stage and when is it

A
  • one of Piaget’s stages
  • 0-2 years
  • understand world through senses an motor activities
46
Q

what is object permanence

A
  • one of Piaget’s stages
  • realize objects, people continue to exist when out of sight
  • representational thought
47
Q

what is the preoperative stage and when is it

A
  • one of Piaget’s stages
  • rapid development in language
  • can represent objects and events mentally with words and images
  • differed imitation
48
Q

what is differed imitation

A
  • ability to imitate behaviour of person no longer present
49
Q

what is conservation

A
  • one of Piaget’s stages

- understanding quantity of matter same despite rearrangement or change in appearance

50
Q

what is centration

A
  • one of Piaget’s stages

- tendency to focus on only one dimension of stimulus and ignore others

51
Q

what is reversibility

A
  • one of Piaget’s stages

- realizing after change in shape, position, order, matter can be returned mentally to original state

52
Q

what is concrete operations stage and when is it

A
  • one of Piaget’s stages
  • 7-12 years
  • less egocentric thinking
  • can decentre their thinking
  • apply logical thought
  • understand reversibility and conservation
53
Q

what are formal operations and when is it

A
  • one of Piaget’s stages
  • 11/12 + years
  • adolescents/adults can apply reversibility and conservation
  • apply to abstract, verbal, hypothetical situations
  • apply to past, present and future
54
Q

what is emerging adulthood

A
  • late teens to early twenties
  • individuals experiment with options before taking on adult roles
  • think of self as adult if 25 years of age and up
  • certain brain areas still developing into mid-20s
55
Q

what is erikson’s theory of socialization

A
  • learning socially acceptable behaviours, attitudes, values
  • erikson’s psychosocial theory has eight developmental stages
  • each stage defined by conflict to be resolved for healthy personality development
56
Q

what are the 8 stages of erikson’s theory

A
  1. trust vs mistrust: birth to 12 months, quality of care. love, affection
  2. autonomy vs shame and doubt: ages one to three years, parenteral reaction to child’s expression of will and exploring environment
  3. initiative vs guilt: ages three to six years, parenteral reaction to initiation of play, motor activities, questions
  4. industry vs inferiority: ages six to puberty, encouragement of parents and teachers important
  5. identity vs role confusion: adolescents need to establish identity from values to live by, considering an occupational identity
  6. intimacy vs isolation: young adulthood, establish intimacy to avoid feeling isolated and lonely
  7. generatively vs stagnation: middle adulthood, generatively = interest in establishing and guiding next generation. stagnation = self absorbed
  8. ego integrity vs despair: later adulthood, ego integrity = satisfaction with life and accomplishments. despair = major regrets
57
Q

what were harry harlow’s monkeys

A
  • bonding = mutual attachment
  • plain wire-mesh monkey ‘mother’
  • padded, Terry cloth covered monkey ‘mother’ preferred
  • bodily contact forms attachment
58
Q

what is Ainsworth’s theory (5)

A
  1. secure attachment
  2. avoidant attachment
  3. resistant attachment
  4. disorganized/disoriented attachment
  5. father-child attachment relationships
59
Q

what is secure attachment

A
  • 65% of North American infants
  • distressed when separated from mother (safe base)
  • seek contact after separation then show interest in play
60
Q

what is avoidant attachment

A
  • 20% of North American infants
  • unresponsive to mother when present, not troubled when mother leaves
  • mother returns, infant may actively avoid contact with her
61
Q

what is resistant attachment

A
  • 10-15% of North American infants
  • prefer close contact with their mother before separation
  • when mother returns, infant shows anger, pushes mother away or hits her, is hard to comfort
62
Q

what is disorganized/disoriented attachment

A
  • 5-10% of North American infants
  • when reunited with mothers, show contradictory and disoriented responses
  • expressionless, depressed
63
Q

what are father-child attachment relationships like

A
  • higher IQs
  • better in social situations
  • better coping with frustration
  • better fathers themselves
64
Q

what are 3 different parenting styles

A
  • authoritarian parents
  • authoritative parents
  • permissive parents
65
Q

what are authoritarian parents

A
  • make strict rules
  • expect unquestioning obedience
  • punish misbehaviour (often physically)
  • value obedience to authority
66
Q

what are authoritative parents

A
  • high but realistic, reasonable standards
  • enforce limits
  • encourage open communication and independence
67
Q

what are permissive parents

A
  • few rules
  • few demands
  • do not enforce any rules made
  • children become immature, impulsive, dependent
68
Q

what is personal fable

A
  • personal uniqueness and indestructibility; risk taking
69
Q

what are the 3 levels of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning

A
  1. preconventional level
  2. conventional level
  3. postconventional level
70
Q

what is the preconventional level

A
  • based on physical consequences of act
  • stage 1 ‘right’ is whatever avoids punishment
  • stage 2 ‘right’ is whatever is rewarded
71
Q

what is the conventional level

A
  • internalized standards of others
  • stage 3 is ‘good boy-nice girl’
  • stage 4 is ‘authority, fixed rules, and maintenance of social order’
72
Q

what is postconventional level

A
  • weigh more alternatives
  • stage 5, laws protect society and individual and should be changed if they don’t
  • stage 6, ethical decisions based on universal ethical principles
73
Q

what is kubler-ross’ theory on death and dying

A
  • denial and isolation: shock, disbelief
  • anger: envy/resentment of young/healthy
  • bargaining: good behaviour to try to postpone death
  • depression: over losses
  • acceptance: stops struggling against death
74
Q

what is bereavement

A
  • grieving process after death of loved on
  • dual-process coping effective
  • grieving spouse actively confronts and other times avoids giving full vent to grief

Social Science (14 decks)

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