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Social Science > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is personality

A
  • individual’s unique characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, feeling
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2
Q

what is psychoanalysis

A
  • therapy for psychological disorders

- a personality theory

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3
Q

what are freud’s three levels of awareness

A
  1. consciousness: thoughts, feelings, sensations
  2. preconsciousness: thoughts, feelings, memories we are not consciously aware of. may be brought to consciousness
  3. unconsciousness: considered by freud as primary motivating force of behaviour, contains repressed memories, instincts, wishes, desires. never been allowed into consciousness
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4
Q

what is the id

A
  • present at birth
  • inherited, primitive, inaccessible, unconscious
  • contains life and death instincts
  • operates on pleasure principle
  • source of libido
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5
Q

what is the pleasure principle of the id

A
  • drive to seek pleasure, avoid pain, gain immediate gratification of wishes
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6
Q

what is the libido of the id

A
  • psychic, sexual energy

- comes from the id, provides energy for entire personality

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7
Q

what is the ego

A
  • logical, rational, realistic, mostly conscious part of personality
  • operates according to reality principle
  • considers constraints of real world to determine appropriate times, places, objects to gratify id’s wishes
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8
Q

what is the superego

A
  • formed at 5 or 6 years old
  • moral component of personality
  • conscience = punished behaviours and guilt
  • ego ideal = rewarded behaviours, pride and satisfaction
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9
Q

what are defence mechanisms

A
  • often ego can relieve anxiety by solving problems rationally and directly
  • when it cannot, uses irrational defences against anxiety cased defence mechanisms
  • defends against anxiety, maintains self-esteem, involves self-deception and distortion of reality
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10
Q

what is repression

A
  • can remove painful or threatening memories, thoughts, ideas, perceptions from consciousness; keep in the unconscious
  • can prevent unconscious but disturbing impulses from consciousness
  • can cause psychological disorders
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11
Q

what is regression

A
  • reverting to behaviour that might have reduced anxiety at earlier stage of development
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12
Q

what is reaction formation

A
  • express exaggerated ideas, emotions that are opposite of disturbing ones
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13
Q

what is displacement

A
  • substitute less threatening object or person for original object of impulse
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14
Q

what is sublimation

A
  • rechanneling sexual or aggressive energy into something socially acceptable
  • freud viewed sublimation as the only completely healthy ego defence mechanism
  • freud considered all advances in civilization as a result of sublimation
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15
Q

what are the psychosexual stages

A
  • sexual instinct develops
  • each stage defined by erogenous zone that becomes centre of pleasures and conflicts
  • fixations: arrested development at psychosexual stage occurring due to unresolved conflict at that stage
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16
Q

what are the psychosexual stages

A
  • oral stage
  • anal stage
  • phallic stage
  • latency period
  • genital stage
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17
Q

what is the oral stage

A
  • birth to 12 or 18 months
  • mouth is primary source of pleasure
  • weaning vs oral fixation
  • difficulties can result in excessive dependence, optimism, gullibility, pessimism, sarcasm, hostility, aggression
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18
Q

what is the anal stage

A
  • 12-18 months to 3 years; toilet training
  • anal expulsive personality = sloppy, irresponsible, rebellious, hostile, destructive
  • anal retentive personalities = stingy, stubborn, rigid, excessively neat, clean, orderly, precise
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19
Q

what is the phallic stage

A
  • ages 3-5 or 6
  • pleasure through genitals
  • oedipus and electra complexes = child is attracted to and identifies with opposite sex parent; hostility towards same sex parent
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20
Q

what is the latency period

A
  • age 5 or 6 to puberty

- relative calm; sex instinct repressed; sublimated in school, play, hobbies, sports

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21
Q

what is the genital stage

A
  • attainment of full adult sexuality from puberty on
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22
Q

when is the personality formed

A
  • according to freud, 5 or 6
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23
Q

what are the 2 primary influences on personality

A
  • traits from fixations (stuck in a psychosexual stage)

- relative strengths of id, ego, superego. psychologically healthy people have id, ego, superego balance

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24
Q

who was carl jung

A
  • middle age important for personality development
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25
Q

what is personal unconscious

A
  • cal Jung’s work
  • all experiences, throughs, perceptions accessible to conscious
  • also repressed memories, wishes, impulses
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26
Q

what is collective unconscious

A
  • carl Jung’s work
  • most inaccessible layer of unconsciousness
  • universal experiences
27
Q

what are arcetypes

A
  • carl jung

- inherited responses to universal human situations

28
Q

who was Alfred adler

A
  • motivated by conscious aspects
  • influenced by future goals
  • driven by need to compensate for inferiority and strive for superiority
29
Q

what is the inferiority complex

A
  • Alfred adler

- inferiority feelings prevent personal development

30
Q

who was Karen horney

A
  • themes or neurotic personality and feminine psychology
  • need safety and satisfaction for psychological health
  • ‘tyranny of the should’ = unrealistic demands for personal perfection
  • not penis envy, just want the same opportunities as men
31
Q

what is a trait

A
  • stable and consistent personal characteristic

- describes or explains personality

32
Q

what are trait theories

A
  • explain personality and differences between people in terms of personal characteristics
33
Q

who was gordon allport

A
  • common traits: traits we share or hold in common

- individual traits

34
Q

what are individual traits

A
  • cardinal = person known for strong trait
  • central = would mention in writing letter of recommendation
  • secondary = less obvious or consistent
35
Q

who was Raymond cattell

A
  • surface traits (central traits) = observable qualities
  • source traits = make up most basic personality structure and cause behaviour
  • 16 personality factor questionnaire (16PF) = personality profile
36
Q

who was Hans eysenck

A
  • personality determined by genes, not environment
  • psychoticism = individual’s link to reality
  • extraverts = sociable, outgoing, active
  • introverts = withdrawn, quiet, introspective
  • emotional stability = calm, even-tempered, easy going
  • neurotics = anxious, excitable, easily distressed
37
Q

what are the big 5

A
  • mnemonic = OCEAN
  • Openness to experiences
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
38
Q

what is openness to experiences

A
  • degrees of open-mindedness

- inventive/curious vs consistent/cautious

39
Q

what is conscientiousness

A
  • degree of dependability
  • efficient/organized vs easy going/careless
  • planned rather than spontaneous behaviour
40
Q

what is extraversion

A
  • degree of sociability

- outgoing/energetic vs shy/reserved

41
Q

what is agreeableness

A
  • degree of friendliness

- friendly/compassionate vs cold/unkind

42
Q

what is neuroticism

A
  • degree of emotional instability

- sensitive/nervous vs secure/confident

43
Q

what is the 6th factor to go with the 5 factor theory

A
  • degree of modesty

- tell the truth/view oneself with modesty vs tell lies to inflate one’s view of oneself

44
Q

what is the behaviourist view

A
  • BF skinner did not use term personality
  • environment shapes individual’s observable behaviour
  • to change behaviour, restructure environment to reinforce normal rather than abnormal behaviour
45
Q

what is the social-cognitive theory

A
  • Albert bandura
  • reciprocal determinism = interaction between personal/cognitive factors, behaviour, external environment
  • self-efficacy = perception of ability to perform competently and successfully
46
Q

who was Julian rotter

A
  • internal locus of control = themselves as primarily in control of their behaviour and its consequences
  • external locus of control = does not matter what they do because ‘whatever will be, will be’
47
Q

what are humanistic personality theories

A
  • Abraham Maslow and carl rogers
  • growth and realization of fullest potential
  • deny any dark or evil side of humans
  • creative beings with free will
48
Q

who was Abraham maslow

A
  • motivational factors
  • hierarchy of needs
  • physiological needs at bottom, self actualization at top
  • self-actualization = developing to one’s fullest potential, peak experiences
49
Q

who was carl rogers

A
  • human nature = basically good
  • phenomenological field = each of us lives in private subjective reality
  • I, me and mine
50
Q

what are conditions of worth

A
  • on which positive regard hinges
51
Q

what are person centred therapies

A
  • instead of patient
52
Q

what are unconditioned positive regards

A
  • therapist gives positive regard no matter what
53
Q

what is behavioural genetics

A
  • relative effects of heredity and environment on behaviour and ability
54
Q

what are ideal subjects

A
  • identical twins separated at birth and reared apart
55
Q

what is heritability

A
  • degree to which characteristics influenced by heredity
56
Q

what are the methods for personality assessment

A
  • observation, interviews, rating scales
  • inventories
  • projective tests
57
Q

what is observation

A
  • psychologists use observation in personality assessment and evaluation in variety of settings
58
Q

what is behaviour assessment

A
  • behavioural assessment = count and record frequency of behaviours
  • used in behaviour modification programs
59
Q

what are interviews

A
  • psychologists and psychiatrists to diagnose and treat
  • counsellors screen applicants for admission to colleges, universities, special programs
  • employers evaluate job applicants and candidates for job promotions
  • structured and unstructured interviews
60
Q

what are rating scales

A
  • record data with standardized format

- helps focus rater’s attention on relevant traits

61
Q

what is the halo effect

A
  • tendency of raters to be excessively influenced in overall evaluation of person by one or a few favourable or unfavourable traits
62
Q

what is personality inventory

A
  • MMPI-2 = screening and diagnosing psychiatric problems and disorders, psychological research
  • provides scores on 4 validity scales and 10 clinical scales
  • reliable, easy to administer and score, inexpensive to use
63
Q

what are projective tests

A
  • project inner thoughts, feelings, fears, conflict
  • rorschach inkblot test = describe 10 inkblots
  • thematic apperception test (TAT) = ambiguous black-and-white drawings of human figures; make up story about each scene in test

Social Science (14 decks)

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