Chapter 9/10

Question 1

Social Control Theories

Answer 1

The perspectives predicting that when social constraints on anti-social behavior are weakened or absent, delinquent behavior emerges. Rather than stressing causative factors in criminal behavior, social control theory asks why people actually obey rules instead of breaking them.

Question 2

Sutherland’s 9 principles

Answer 2

1. Criminal behavior is learned
2. Criminal behavior is learned in interactions with other persons in a process of communication
3. The principle part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups
4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes (a) techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated and sometimes very simple, and (b) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalization, and attitudes.
5. the specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.
6. A person delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to law violation over definitions unfavorable to law violation
7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal andanti-criminal patterns involves all the mechanisms involved in any other learning.
9. Although criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values because non-criminal behavior is also an expression of the same needs and values

Question 3

Labelling Theory

Answer 3

Society’s reactions to known or suspected offenders
determine the futures of those who are who are labelled
as offenders

Question 4

Theories of Travis Hirschi

Answer 4

social control theory suggests that delinquent adolescents fail to develop societal bonds consisting of (1) attachment to parents, peers, and school; (2) occupational and educational commitment; (3) academic involvement; and (4) belief in social rules and convention.

Question 5

Theories of Edwin Lemert

Answer 5

another important labeling theorist, argued that labeling closes off legitimate opportunities and associations with noncriminal and also destroys an individual’s public image and character, thereby forcing him or her to embark on a criminal career.

Question 6

Primary and Secondary Deviance

Answer 6

Primary Deviance: The initial deviance often undertaken to
deal with transient problems in living (p.235).
Secondary Deviance: The deviant behaviour that results
from official labelling and from association with others who
have been so labelled (p.235).
* Secondary deviance is often more important because of
the forceful role it plays in causing tagged individuals to
internalize the negative labels that have been applied to
them and to assume the role of the deviant (p.236)

Question 7

Concept of mala in se

Answer 7

Mala in se crimes are defined as criminal acts that are wrong because they are inherently immoral

Question 8

Theory of tagging

Answer 8

Tagging
* Explains what happens to offenders following arrest,
conviction, and sentencing.
* An individual is negatively defined by agencies of justice

Question 9

Denial of injury neutralization technique

Answer 9

when we recognize that our behavior was wrong, but we state that our behavior did not harm anyone, so it is okay. For example, a teenager who gets caught selling illegal copies of music might say, ‘No one got hurt, so I don’t see why I am in trouble.

Question 10

Social bonding

Answer 10

Social Bond is defined as the link, created through
socialization, between individuals and the society of which
they are a part (p.241)
Four components of the social bond:
1. Attachment: a person’s shared interest with others.
2. Commitment: the amount of energy and effort put into
activities with others.
3. Involvement: the amount of time spent with others in
shared activities.
4. Belief: a shared system of values and morals.

Question 11

Theories of life course theorists

Answer 11

Life Course Perspective is a perspective that draws
attention to the fact that criminal behaviour tends to follow a
distinct pattern across the life cycle (a.k.a. life course
criminology) (pp.243-244)
* Builds on social learning and social control principles,
recognizes that criminal careers may develop as a result
of various criminogenic influences that affect individuals
over the course of their lives (p.244)
* Elder and Johnson have identified five important life
course principles (p.245)
Evolutionary Ecology is an approach to understanding
crime that draws attention to the ways people develop over
the course of their lives (p.246)
* Researchers typically utilize cohort analysis, or a social
scientific technique that studies a population that shares
common characteristics over time. Cohort analysis usually
begins at birth and traces the development of cohort
members until they reach a certain age (p.246)
* Experiences and environment in early life, especially
those that affect child development and the transmission
of biological traits and family management practices
across generations, seem particularly important (p.246)

Question 12

Theories of William Chambliss

Answer 12

Marxist theory of crime states that crime diverts the public’s attention from the exploitive nature of capitalism and focuses it on the offenses of the impoverished.

Question 13

Circle centering conferences

Answer 13

Groups of community members who actively assist justice authorities by participating in discussions about available sentencing options and plans to reintegrate the offender back into the community

Question 14

Case of compassionate homicide

Answer 14

Dad killed daughter with cervical palsy because he said he couldn’t stand watching her suffer legal grounds broke 1997 distinguished between mercy kill and cold blooded kill

Question 15

Achieved characteristics

Answer 15

Are acquired through personal effort or chance over the course of one’s life and include such things as level of education, income, place of residence, and profession

Question 16

Proletariat and Bourgeoisie

Answer 16

Bourgeoisie (haves):
* The class of people that owns the means of production.
* Factories, businesses, land, natural resources.
Proletariat (have-nots):
* The working class.
* Relatively uneducated workers without power (p.258)

Question 17

Peacemaking criminology

Answer 17

A perspective that holds that crime-control agencies and the
citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social
problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime
(p.268)
Draws attention to the following issues:
1. The perpetuation of violence.
2. The role of education in peacemaking.
3. Commonsense theories of crime.
4. Crime control as human rights enforcement.
5. Conflict resolution within the community.

Question 18

Community sentencing panels

Answer 18

Youth serve part of their sentence in a secure or open youth custody facility followed by a period of supervision in the community.

Question 19

Restorative justice model

Answer 19

A perspective that stresses solutions and restoration rather than imprisonment punishment, and neglect of victims.
estorative justice is to bring together those most affected by the criminal act—the offender, the victim, and community members—in a no adversarial process to encourage offender accountability and meet the needs of the victims to repair the harms resulting from the crime

Question 20

Who’s responsible for radical realism and radical criminology perspective

Answer 20

Left-Realist Criminology
An approach to criminology based on ideas inherent in the
perspectives of left realism
Left realism: a social conflict perspective that insists on a
pragmatic assessment of crime and its associated problems
(p.263)
Goal
to achieve a fair and orderly society through
practical emphasis on social justice.
* Focus is on a pragmatic assessment of crime and needs of
crime victims.
* Views criminal justice system as able to provide useful services
if modified.
Walter
DeKeseredy,
Jock Young and
others

Question 21

Social Class references

Answer 21

Social Class: a distinction between individuals on the basis
of important social characteristics (p.258)

Question 22

Conflict Perspective

Answer 22

A radical paradigm consisting of writings on criminology by
convicted offenders and ex-inmates of correctional institutions
who have acquired academic credentials or who are associated
with credentialed others; also called “alternative criminology”
(p.274)
Draws attention to the following issues:
1. Former offenders and convicts can provide insight into the
justice system and the processes therein.
2. The role of the convict and/or offender is central.
3. Unique experiences of offenders provide legitimacy to the
experience and thus potential solution of problems.
4. Recommendations for improving the justice system are based
on lived experiences (pp.274-275)

Question 23

Feminism in relation to power relationships

Answer 23

Power-control theory : a perspective that holds that power
relationships existing in the wider society are reflected in
domestic settings and in everyday relationships among men,
women, and children in the context of family life (p.266)