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Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 8_Other Physical Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 8_Other Physical Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Sound Waves

A

Vibrations that travel through air or another medium, perceived as sound when detected by the ear.

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2
Q

Frequency

A

The number of sound wave cycles per second, determining the pitch of a sound.

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3
Q

Amplitude

A

The height of a sound wave, determining the loudness of a sound.

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4
Q

Timbre

A

The quality of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds of the same pitch and loudness.

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5
Q

The Outer Ear

A

The outermost part of the ear, including the pinna and auditory canal, responsible for capturing sound waves.

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6
Q

The Middle Ear

A

The part of the ear containing the ossicles, which amplify and transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.

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7
Q

The Inner Ear

A

The innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea and vestibular apparatus, responsible for converting sound into neural signals.

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8
Q

Pinna

A

The visible part of the outer ear that helps to direct sound waves into the ear canal.

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9
Q

Auditory Canal

A

A tube running from the outer ear to the eardrum, transmitting sound waves.

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10
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

A thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves, transmitting the sound to the ossicles.

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11
Q

The Ossicles

A

Three small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.

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12
Q

The Acoustic Reflex

A

A reflex that reduces the movement of the ossicles in response to loud sounds to protect the inner ear.

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13
Q

Tensor Tympani Muscle

A

A muscle that dampens sound vibrations by stiffening the malleus, reducing the amplitude of sound waves.

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14
Q

The Stapedius Muscle

A

A muscle that stabilizes the stapes bone, protecting the inner ear from loud sounds.

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15
Q

The Oval Window

A

A membrane-covered opening that connects the middle ear to the cochlea, transmitting sound vibrations.

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16
Q

The Round Window

A

A membrane that allows pressure equalization in the cochlea, assisting in the transmission of sound.

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17
Q

Cochlea

A

A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure in the inner ear that converts sound vibrations into neural signals.

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18
Q

Organ of Corti

A

The sensory organ within the cochlea containing hair cells that transduce sound vibrations into neural impulses.

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19
Q

Endolymph

A

A potassium-rich fluid in the cochlea and vestibular system essential for hearing and balance.

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20
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

A membrane in the cochlea that vibrates in response to sound, triggering hair cell activation.

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21
Q

Base of the Cochlea

A

The part of the cochlea near the oval window, responsible for detecting high-frequency sounds.

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22
Q

Apex of the Cochlea

A

The tip of the cochlea, responsible for detecting low-frequency sounds.

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23
Q

Hair Cells

A

Sensory cells in the cochlea that convert mechanical sound vibrations into electrical signals sent to the brain.

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24
Q

Inner Hair Cells

A

The primary hair cells responsible for sending auditory information to the brain.

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25
Q

Outer Hair Cells

A

Cells that amplify sound vibrations and enhance the sensitivity of the cochlea.

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26
Q

Mechanically-Gated Ion Channels

A

Ion channels in hair cells that open in response to mechanical deformation, allowing ions to flow and generate electrical signals.

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27
Q

Mechanotransduction

A

The process by which mechanical stimuli, such as sound waves, are converted into electrical signals by sensory cells.

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28
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the outer or middle ear, preventing sound from reaching the inner ear.

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29
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve, preventing sound from being properly transmitted to the brain.

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30
Q

A Hearing Aid

A

A device that amplifies sound to assist individuals with hearing loss in hearing more clearly.

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31
Q

A Cochlear Implant

A

A surgically implanted device that directly stimulates the auditory nerve, bypassing damaged parts of the inner ear.

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32
Q

Spiral Ganglion

A

A group of nerve cells that send auditory information from the cochlea to the brain.

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33
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A

The eighth cranial nerve, responsible for transmitting sound and balance information from the ear to the brain.

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34
Q

Superior Olive

A

A brainstem nucleus involved in sound localization, especially detecting the direction of sounds.

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35
Q

Cochlear Nuclear Complex

A

A collection of nuclei in the brainstem that process auditory information from the cochlea.

36
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

A midbrain structure involved in auditory processing and reflexive responses to sound.

37
Q

Medial Geniculate Body

A

A part of the thalamus that relays auditory information from the inferior colliculus to the auditory cortex.

38
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

The region of the brain that processes auditory information, located in the temporal lobe.

39
Q

Tonotopic Organization

A

The spatial arrangement of sound frequency processing in the auditory system, with different frequencies represented in specific areas of the cochlea and cortex.

40
Q

Dorsal Auditory Stream

A

A pathway in the brain involved in identifying where sounds are coming from, related to spatial localization.

41
Q

Ventral Auditory Stream

A

A pathway in the brain involved in identifying what a sound is, such as recognizing speech or music.

42
Q

Vestibular System

A

The sensory system that detects balance, movement, and spatial orientation.

43
Q

Otolith Organs

A

Sensory organs in the vestibular system that detect linear acceleration and head position relative to gravity.

44
Q

Saccule

A

A vestibular organ that detects vertical linear acceleration and head position changes.

45
Q

Utricle

A

A vestibular organ that detects horizontal linear acceleration and head position changes.

46
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Fluid-filled structures in the vestibular system that detect rotational movements of the head.

47
Q

Ampulla

A

The enlarged area at the base of each semicircular canal containing hair cells that detect head movement.

48
Q

Cupula

A

A gelatinous structure in the ampulla that bends in response to head movement, activating hair cells.

49
Q

Righting Reflex

A

A reflex that helps the body maintain balance and posture by correcting the position of the head and body in response to changes in orientation.

50
Q

Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex

A

A reflex that stabilizes vision during head movement by causing the eyes to move in the opposite direction of the head.

51
Q

Somatosensory System

A

The system responsible for detecting touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and body position.

52
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

The region of the brain that processes somatosensory information from the body, located in the postcentral gyrus.

53
Q

Somatotopic Organization

A

The orderly mapping of the body’s surface onto the somatosensory cortex, where adjacent body parts are represented in adjacent cortical areas.

54
Q

Sensory Homunculus

A

A visual representation of the body mapped onto the somatosensory cortex, with exaggerated areas for more sensitive regions (e.g., hands and lips).

55
Q

Secondary Somatosensory Cortex

A

A brain region that integrates complex sensory information and is involved in higher-order sensory processing.

56
Q

Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors

A

Receptors in the skin that detect mechanical stimuli, such as pressure, vibration, and stretch.

57
Q

Slowly-Adapting Mechanoreceptors

A

Mechanoreceptors that respond to sustained pressure and slowly adapt to continuous stimuli.

58
Q

Rapidly-Adapting Mechanoreceptors

A

Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in stimuli, such as light touch or vibration, and adapt quickly.

59
Q

Merkel’s Discs

A

Touch receptors that detect fine details and texture, located in the skin’s surface layers.

60
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Receptors in the skin that detect deep pressure and high-frequency vibration.

61
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

Touch receptors sensitive to light touch and low-frequency vibration, involved in grip control.

62
Q

Ruffini Endings

A

Receptors in the skin that detect skin stretch and help with the perception of hand shape and object manipulation.

63
Q

Receptive Fields in the Skin

A

Specific areas of skin that a single sensory neuron is responsible for detecting stimuli.

64
Q

Two-Point Discrimination Task

A

A task used to measure tactile spatial acuity by determining the minimum distance at which two points of touch can be distinguished.

65
Q

Dorsal-Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) Tract

A

A major sensory pathway that transmits fine touch, vibration, and proprioceptive information from the body to the brain.

66
Q

Spinothalamic Tract

A

A sensory pathway that transmits pain, temperature, and crude touch information from the body to the brain.

67
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors in the skin that detect temperature changes, including cold and heat.

68
Q

Cold Receptors

A

Thermoreceptors that detect decreases in skin temperature, usually responding to temperatures below 30°C (86°F).

69
Q

Hot Receptors

A

Thermoreceptors that detect increases in skin temperature, usually responding to temperatures above 37°C (98.6°F).

70
Q

Nociceptive Thermoreceptors

A

Specialized receptors that detect painful extremes of temperature, leading to sensations of burning heat or freezing cold.

71
Q

TRP Channels

A

Ion channels in sensory neurons that respond to temperature changes and chemical irritants, involved in sensing pain and temperature.

72
Q

TRPM8 Receptor

A

A type of TRP channel activated by cold temperatures and compounds like menthol, producing cooling sensations.

73
Q

TRPV1 Receptor

A

A type of TRP channel activated by heat and chemical stimuli like capsaicin (the compound in chili peppers), producing sensations of heat or burning.

74
Q

Aδ Fibers

A

Thin, myelinated nerve fibers that transmit sharp, localized pain quickly to the brain.

75
Q

C Fibers

A

Unmyelinated nerve fibers that transmit dull, aching pain more slowly to the brain.

76
Q

Nociceptors

A

Sensory receptors that detect painful or noxious stimuli, such as extreme temperatures, mechanical damage, or chemical irritants.

77
Q

Allodynia

A

A condition where normally non-painful stimuli, such as light touch, are perceived as painful, often due to nerve damage or sensitization.

78
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

An increased sensitivity to pain, often caused by tissue damage or inflammation.

79
Q

Mechanical Nociceptors

A

Nociceptors that respond to physical damage or pressure, such as cuts or crushing injuries.

80
Q

Thermal Nociceptors

A

Nociceptors that respond to extreme heat or cold, causing pain when temperatures become harmful.

81
Q

Chemical Nociceptors

A

Nociceptors that detect chemical irritants, such as those released during inflammation or tissue damage.

82
Q

Polymodal Nociceptors

A

Nociceptors that respond to a variety of stimuli, including mechanical, thermal, and chemical irritants, and are involved in generalized pain responses.

83
Q

Withdrawal Reflex

A

An automatic reflex that causes an immediate withdrawal of a body part from a painful stimulus (e.g., pulling your hand away from a hot surface).

84
Q

Proprioception

A

The sense of the position and movement of the body and its parts, allowing coordination and balance without the need for visual input.

85
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Sensory receptors in muscles that detect changes in muscle length and the speed of stretching, contributing to proprioception and reflexes.

86
Q

Knee-Jerk Reflex

A

A simple reflex where tapping the patellar tendon causes a quick contraction of the quadriceps muscle, resulting in a kick.

87
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

Sensory receptors located at the junction between muscles and tendons that monitor tension, helping to prevent excessive force that could cause injury.

Behavioral Neuroscience (16 decks)

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