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Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 12_Sleep and the Circadian Rhythm > Flashcards

Chapter 12_Sleep and the Circadian Rhythm Flashcards

1
Q

Polysomnogram

A

A comprehensive recording of physiological changes during sleep, including EEG, eye movement, and muscle activity.

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2
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleepwalking; performing activities typically associated with wakefulness while asleep.

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3
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

A method to measure electrical activity in the brain, commonly used to monitor sleep stages.

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4
Q

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

A

A sleep phase characterized by rapid eye movements and vivid dreaming, also known as paradoxical sleep.

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5
Q

REM Sleep

A

The sleep stage associated with rapid eye movement, high brain activity, and vivid dreams.

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6
Q

Non-REM Sleep (NREM)

A

Sleep stages without rapid eye movements, including NREM1, NREM2, and NREM3, progressing from light to deep sleep.

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7
Q

NREM1

A

The lightest stage of NREM sleep, marked by a transition from wakefulness to sleep.

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8
Q

NREM2

A

A deeper NREM sleep stage with the appearance of sleep spindles and K-complexes on an EEG.

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9
Q

NREM3

A

The deepest NREM sleep stage, also called slow-wave sleep, characterized by delta waves.

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10
Q

K-complexes

A

Large amplitude brain waves in NREM2, potentially involved in memory and sleep protection.

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11
Q

Sleep Spindle

A

Short bursts of high-frequency brain waves during NREM2, thought to play a role in memory consolidation.

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12
Q

Paradoxical Sleep

A

Another term for REM sleep, where the brain is active despite physical relaxation.

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13
Q

Hypnogram

A

A graphical representation of the stages of sleep across a sleep period.

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14
Q

Recuperation Theory

A

A theory suggesting that sleep allows the body and brain to repair and restore energy.

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15
Q

Glymphatic System

A

A system that clears waste from the brain, believed to be active during sleep.

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16
Q

Beta-Amyloid

A

A protein that accumulates in the brain and is associated with Alzheimer’s disease, removed more effectively during sleep.

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17
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

A hormone that promotes growth and cell repair, released in higher amounts during deep sleep.

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18
Q

Evolutionary Adaptation Theory

A

Suggests that sleep patterns evolved to protect organisms during vulnerable times, such as nighttime for humans.

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19
Q

Brain Plasticity Theory

A

A theory proposing that sleep aids brain development and learning by strengthening neural connections.

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20
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Memory of facts and events, strengthened by slow-wave sleep.

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21
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Memory of skills and actions, often improved by REM sleep.

22
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

A 24-hour biological cycle that regulates sleep-wake patterns and other physiological processes.

23
Q

Jet Lag

A

Disruption of circadian rhythms due to travel across time zones.

24
Q

Entrainment

A

Adjustment of the internal clock to external cues, such as light.

25
Q

Zeitgebers

A

External cues, like light and temperature, that help set the circadian rhythm.

26
Q

Sedatives and Sleep Aids

A

Medications that promote sleep by enhancing inhibitory neurotransmitter activity, often affecting GABA.

27
Q

Glutamatergic Signaling

A

Activity involving the neurotransmitter glutamate, which promotes wakefulness and cognitive activity.

28
Q

Adenosine

A

A molecule that builds up during wakefulness, promoting sleepiness; its effects can be blocked by caffeine.

29
Q

Caffeine

A

A stimulant that blocks adenosine receptors, reducing feelings of sleepiness.

30
Q

Melatonin

A

A hormone released by the pineal gland that promotes sleep, especially in response to darkness.

31
Q

Pineal Gland

A

A small brain structure that produces melatonin, helping to regulate sleep-wake cycles.

32
Q

Retinohypothalamic Tract (RHT)

A

A pathway that conveys light information from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, influencing circadian rhythms.

33
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

A brain region in the hypothalamus that acts as the body’s master clock, regulating circadian rhythms.

34
Q

Histamine

A

A neurotransmitter that promotes wakefulness, also involved in immune responses.

35
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A brain region involved in regulating sleep, wakefulness, and other homeostatic functions.

36
Q

Encephalitis Lethargica

A

A historical illness causing extreme sleep disturbances, contributing to understanding of sleep mechanisms in the hypothalamus.

37
Q

Reticular Formation

A

A network of neurons in the brainstem involved in maintaining alertness and regulating the sleep-wake cycle.

38
Q

Orexin

A

A neurotransmitter that promotes wakefulness; loss of orexin-producing cells is linked to narcolepsy.

39
Q

Insomnia

A

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, leading to impaired daytime functioning.

40
Q

Onset Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling asleep at the beginning of the night.

41
Q

Maintenance Insomnia

A

Difficulty staying asleep or waking up too early and being unable to return to sleep.

42
Q

Iatrogenic Insomnia

A

Insomnia caused by medical treatment or prolonged use of sleep medications.

43
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

A sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts, leading to fragmented sleep.

44
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A

A form of sleep apnea caused by airway blockage due to relaxed throat muscles.

45
Q

Central Sleep Apnea

A

A form of sleep apnea resulting from the brain failing to signal muscles to breathe.

46
Q

CPAP Device

A

A machine that provides continuous positive airway pressure to keep the airway open in sleep apnea patients.

47
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.

48
Q

Cataplexy

A

A sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by strong emotions, often seen in narcolepsy.

49
Q

Restless Legs Syndrome

A

A condition causing uncomfortable leg sensations, typically relieved by movement, often worse at rest.

50
Q

Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

A

Involuntary limb movements during sleep, often disrupting sleep patterns.

Behavioral Neuroscience (16 decks)

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