Chapter 16_Diseases of the Brain Flashcards
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
Manual used to diagnose and classify mental disorders.
Face validity in animal research
Degree to which an animal model resembles the human condition being studied.
Construct validity in animal research
Extent to which an animal model accurately represents the underlying causes of the human disorder.
Predictive validity in animal research
Ability of an animal model to predict treatment outcomes in humans.
Schizophrenia
A mental disorder characterized by distorted thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Positive symptoms
Excessive behaviors like hallucinations and delusions seen in schizophrenia.
Negative symptoms
Reduced or absent behaviors like flat affect and avolition in schizophrenia.
Hallucinations
Sensory experiences without external stimuli, often auditory in schizophrenia.
Delusions
False beliefs held despite evidence to the contrary, common in schizophrenia.
Flat affect
Lack of emotional expression, often seen in schizophrenia.
Alogia
Reduced speech output, often a symptom of schizophrenia.
Anhedonia
Inability to feel pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.
Avolition
Lack of motivation to start or complete tasks.
Catatonia
Abnormal movement or behavior often seen in schizophrenia, including rigidity or hyperactivity.
Stereotypy
Repetitive, fixed pattern of behavior or speech.
Dopamine hypothesis of Schizophrenia
Theory that schizophrenia symptoms are linked to excess dopamine activity.
Clozapine
An atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia.
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Mood disorder with persistent feelings of sadness and lack of interest.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Form of depression occurring seasonally, typically in winter.
Light exposure therapy
Treatment for SAD involving exposure to artificial light.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
A psychotherapy focused on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Antidepressant drugs that prevent breakdown of neurotransmitters like serotonin.
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Older class of antidepressants that increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Antidepressants that increase serotonin levels by preventing reuptake.
Serotonin syndrome
Potentially life-threatening condition caused by excessive serotonin, often due to drug interactions.
Ketamine
A fast-acting antidepressant sometimes used for treatment-resistant depression.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Treatment involving electric stimulation to treat severe depression and other mental illnesses.
Psilocybin
A psychedelic compound being researched for potential mental health treatment.
Despair-based tests
Animal tests for depression, observing behaviors like immobility in stressful situations.
Reward-based tests
Animal tests for depression assessing reduced engagement with rewarding stimuli.
Bipolar disorder (BD)
Mood disorder with episodes of mania and depression.
Mania
A state of elevated mood, energy, and activity often seen in bipolar disorder.
Bipolar 1 disorder
Type of bipolar disorder with full manic episodes and major depression.
Bipolar 2 disorder
Type of bipolar disorder with hypomanic and depressive episodes.
Cyclothymia
A milder form of bipolar disorder with alternating mood swings not as severe as full mania or depression.
Lithium drugs
Mood stabilizers commonly used to treat bipolar disorder.
Anxiety
An emotional state characterized by worry, nervousness, or fear.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Chronic anxiety and worry about various aspects of life.
Specific phobias
Intense fear of particular objects or situations, like heights or spiders.
Panic disorder
Anxiety disorder marked by recurrent panic attacks.
Panic attacks
Sudden episodes of intense fear with physical symptoms like sweating and palpitations.
Elevated plus maze
Animal test for anxiety where time spent in open areas indicates anxiety levels.
Open field test
Animal test for anxiety assessing movement and time spent near walls versus center.
Predator exposure paradigm
Anxiety test in animals involving exposure to predator cues or scents.
