Chapter 16_Diseases of the Brain

Question 1

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

Answer 1

Manual used to diagnose and classify mental disorders.

Question 2

Face validity in animal research

Answer 2

Degree to which an animal model resembles the human condition being studied.

Question 3

Construct validity in animal research

Answer 3

Extent to which an animal model accurately represents the underlying causes of the human disorder.

Question 4

Predictive validity in animal research

Answer 4

Ability of an animal model to predict treatment outcomes in humans.

Question 5

Schizophrenia

Answer 5

A mental disorder characterized by distorted thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Question 6

Positive symptoms

Answer 6

Excessive behaviors like hallucinations and delusions seen in schizophrenia.

Question 7

Negative symptoms

Answer 7

Reduced or absent behaviors like flat affect and avolition in schizophrenia.

Question 8

Hallucinations

Answer 8

Sensory experiences without external stimuli, often auditory in schizophrenia.

Question 9

Delusions

Answer 9

False beliefs held despite evidence to the contrary, common in schizophrenia.

Question 10

Flat affect

Answer 10

Lack of emotional expression, often seen in schizophrenia.

Question 11

Alogia

Answer 11

Reduced speech output, often a symptom of schizophrenia.

Question 12

Anhedonia

Answer 12

Inability to feel pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.

Question 13

Avolition

Answer 13

Lack of motivation to start or complete tasks.

Question 14

Catatonia

Answer 14

Abnormal movement or behavior often seen in schizophrenia, including rigidity or hyperactivity.

Question 15

Stereotypy

Answer 15

Repetitive, fixed pattern of behavior or speech.

Question 16

Dopamine hypothesis of Schizophrenia

Answer 16

Theory that schizophrenia symptoms are linked to excess dopamine activity.

Question 17

Clozapine

Answer 17

An atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia.

Question 18

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

Answer 18

Mood disorder with persistent feelings of sadness and lack of interest.

Question 19

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 19

Form of depression occurring seasonally, typically in winter.

Question 20

Light exposure therapy

Answer 20

Treatment for SAD involving exposure to artificial light.

Question 21

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Answer 21

A psychotherapy focused on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors.

Question 22

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Answer 22

Antidepressant drugs that prevent breakdown of neurotransmitters like serotonin.

Question 23

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Answer 23

Older class of antidepressants that increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Question 24

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 24

Antidepressants that increase serotonin levels by preventing reuptake.

Question 25

Serotonin syndrome

Answer 25

Potentially life-threatening condition caused by excessive serotonin, often due to drug interactions.

Question 26

Ketamine

Answer 26

A fast-acting antidepressant sometimes used for treatment-resistant depression.

Question 27

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 27

Treatment involving electric stimulation to treat severe depression and other mental illnesses.

Question 28

Psilocybin

Answer 28

A psychedelic compound being researched for potential mental health treatment.

Question 29

Despair-based tests

Answer 29

Animal tests for depression, observing behaviors like immobility in stressful situations.

Question 30

Reward-based tests

Answer 30

Animal tests for depression assessing reduced engagement with rewarding stimuli.

Question 31

Bipolar disorder (BD)

Answer 31

Mood disorder with episodes of mania and depression.

Question 32

Mania

Answer 32

A state of elevated mood, energy, and activity often seen in bipolar disorder.

Question 33

Bipolar 1 disorder

Answer 33

Type of bipolar disorder with full manic episodes and major depression.

Question 34

Bipolar 2 disorder

Answer 34

Type of bipolar disorder with hypomanic and depressive episodes.

Question 35

Cyclothymia

Answer 35

A milder form of bipolar disorder with alternating mood swings not as severe as full mania or depression.

Question 36

Lithium drugs

Answer 36

Mood stabilizers commonly used to treat bipolar disorder.

Question 37

Anxiety

Answer 37

An emotional state characterized by worry, nervousness, or fear.

Question 38

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 38

Chronic anxiety and worry about various aspects of life.

Question 39

Specific phobias

Answer 39

Intense fear of particular objects or situations, like heights or spiders.

Question 40

Panic disorder

Answer 40

Anxiety disorder marked by recurrent panic attacks.

Question 41

Panic attacks

Answer 41

Sudden episodes of intense fear with physical symptoms like sweating and palpitations.

Question 42

Elevated plus maze

Answer 42

Animal test for anxiety where time spent in open areas indicates anxiety levels.

Question 43

Open field test

Answer 43

Animal test for anxiety assessing movement and time spent near walls versus center.

Question 44

Predator exposure paradigm

Answer 44

Anxiety test in animals involving exposure to predator cues or scents.