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Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 13_Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 13_Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring new information or modifying existing knowledge, skills, behaviors, or preferences.

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2
Q

Memory

A

The retention and retrieval of information, experiences, and skills over time.

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3
Q

Patient HM

A

A famous case study of a patient with severe anterograde amnesia following bilateral medial temporal lobe surgery, which greatly informed neuroscience on memory processes.

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4
Q

Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL)

A

A brain region involved in the formation and consolidation of new declarative memories.

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5
Q

Declarative Memories

A

Memories of facts and events that can be consciously recalled; includes semantic and episodic memories.

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6
Q

Semantic Memories

A

Type of declarative memory involving general world knowledge, such as facts and concepts.

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7
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Type of declarative memory involving personal experiences and specific events.

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8
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Memory loss for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia.

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9
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

The inability to form new memories following the onset of amnesia.

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10
Q

Procedural Memories

A

Implicit memories of skills and tasks, like riding a bike, which do not require conscious recall.

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11
Q

Mirror Tracing Task

A

A task used to assess procedural memory in which the subject traces an image by watching their hand in a mirror.

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12
Q

Associative Memory

A

A type of memory formed through associative learning, such as Pavlovian conditioning.

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13
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

A stimulus that naturally elicits a response without prior conditioning, like food causing salivation in dogs.

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14
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a conditioned response.

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15
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus, such as salivating in response to a bell.

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16
Q

Working Memory

A

A short-term memory system involved in holding and manipulating information temporarily.

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17
Q

Digit Span Test

A

A test that assesses working memory by requiring individuals to recall a sequence of digits.

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18
Q

Corsi Block Tapping Test

A

A spatial memory test where individuals replicate a sequence of tapped blocks.

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19
Q

The Hippocampus (HPC)

A

A structure in the medial temporal lobe involved in spatial memory and the formation of new declarative memories.

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20
Q

Limbic System

A

A network of brain structures associated with emotions, behavior, and memory.

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21
Q

Entorhinal Cortex

A

The main input region of the hippocampus, involved in spatial memory and navigation.

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22
Q

Spatial Memories

A

Memories of spatial environments and locations, essential for navigation and orientation.

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23
Q

Morris Water Maze

A

A spatial memory test in which animals locate a hidden platform in a pool, often used to study hippocampal function.

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24
Q

Radial Arm Maze

A

A memory test involving a platform with several arms, one of which is rewarded, testing the animal’s ability to remember spatial cues.

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25
Q

The Amygdala

A

A brain region in the medial temporal lobe involved in emotional learning and memory, especially fear.

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26
Q

Fear Conditioning

A

A type of associative learning where a neutral stimulus is paired with an aversive event, leading to a fear response.

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27
Q

Inferotemporal Cortex (IT)

A

A region involved in visual memory and recognition, especially facial recognition in the fusiform gyrus.

28
Q

Fusiform Gyrus

A

Part of the inferior temporal cortex involved in facial recognition and visual memory.

29
Q

Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)

A

A region involved in recognizing places and environmental scenes, distinct from face or object recognition.

30
Q

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)

A

A brain region involved in decision-making, personality, and short-term working memory.

31
Q

Striatum

A

A part of the basal ganglia associated with habit formation and procedural memory.

32
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

A disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors, associated with dysfunction in the striatum.

33
Q

Cerebellum

A

A brain structure involved in motor coordination and procedural memory.

34
Q

Hypermnesia

A

An exceptional ability to recall detailed memories, as documented in rare cases.

35
Q

Encoding

A

The process of converting sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory.

36
Q

Consolidation

A

The process by which memories become stable in the brain, often occurring during sleep.

37
Q

Engram

A

A theoretical concept for the physical trace of a memory in the brain.

38
Q

Reverberation

A

The repeated activation of neural circuits, which strengthens memory consolidation.

39
Q

Donald O. Hebb

A

Neuroscientist known for Hebbian theory, summarized as “Cells that fire together, wire together.”

40
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of accessing stored information from memory.

41
Q

Free-Recall

A

A memory retrieval task where individuals recall information without specific cues.

42
Q

Cued-Recall

A

A retrieval task where cues are provided to aid in memory recall.

43
Q

False Memories

A

Recollections of events that are either distorted or did not actually occur.

44
Q

Place Cells

A

Neurons in the hippocampus that activate when an animal is in a specific location, contributing to spatial memory.

45
Q

Grid Cells

A

Neurons in the entorhinal cortex that provide a spatial framework for navigation.

46
Q

Concept Cells

A

Neurons that respond to specific concepts, such as familiar people or objects, also known as “Jennifer Aniston neurons.”

47
Q

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength, thought to underlie learning and memory.

48
Q

Long-Term Depression (LTD)

A

A long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength, which contributes to synaptic plasticity.

49
Q

AMPA Receptors

A

Ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate fast synaptic transmission, important for LTP.

50
Q

NMDA Receptors

A

Receptors that allow Ca²⁺ influx during synaptic transmission, essential for initiating LTP when co-activated with AMPA receptors.

51
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in response to a repeated, non-threatening stimulus, a basic form of learning.

52
Q

Sensitization

A

An increase in response to a repeated stimulus, often as a result of prior sensitizing exposure.

53
Q

Endocannabinoid-Mediated LTD

A

A form of long-term depression involving endocannabinoids, which modulate synaptic plasticity.

54
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A neurodegenerative disorder marked by memory loss, cognitive decline, amyloid plaques, and tau tangles.

55
Q

Familial AD

A

A genetically inherited form of Alzheimer’s disease.

56
Q

Sporadic AD

A

The most common form of Alzheimer’s without a clear genetic cause.

57
Q

Apolipoprotein epsilon4 (ApoE4)

A

A genetic risk factor associated with a higher likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

58
Q

The Cholinergic Hypothesis

A

A theory that Alzheimer’s symptoms are due to a deficiency in acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter.

59
Q

Amyloid-Beta Plaques (Aβ)

A

Protein aggregates associated with Alzheimer’s disease, thought to disrupt cell communication.

60
Q

Neurofibrillary Tau-Tangles (NFT)

A

Twisted protein fibers found in Alzheimer’s disease that disrupt neuron structure and function.

61
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

A memory disorder caused by chronic alcoholism and thiamine deficiency, marked by anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

62
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury

A

An injury to the brain from an external force, often resulting in long-term cognitive or behavioral impairments.

63
Q

Coup

A

The primary impact site in a traumatic brain injury, where the brain hits the skull.

64
Q

Contrecoup

A

The opposite site of the brain injury, where the brain rebounds and hits the skull again.

65
Q

Savant Syndrome

A

A rare condition in which individuals with developmental disorders exhibit exceptional memory or skill in a specific area.

Behavioral Neuroscience (16 decks)

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