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Nutrition Exam 2 > Chapter 8- Water & Minerals > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Water & Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Water Food sources?

A
  • Fluids
  • Fruits
  • Vegetables
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2
Q

Hard water contains high mineral levels such as __________ and ______________ ?

A
  • Calcium

- Magnesium

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3
Q

Soft water naturally contains ____________?

A

Sodium

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4
Q

Soft water is a problem for individuals who have ____________ problems?

A

Cardiac problems

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5
Q

Individuals with cardiac problems should use what when drinking soft water?

A

A filter!

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6
Q

A filter should be used to remove ___________ from soft water?

A

Sodium

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7
Q

The majority of water absorption occurs where?

A

Large Intestine (regulated by colon)

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8
Q

Water is _____ ________________, but is an integral component of metabolic processes

A

Not metabolized

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9
Q

Every single cell in the body needs __________?

A

Water 💦

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10
Q

Functions of Water?

A
  • Structural component of cells
  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Lubricant
  • Shock- absorber: cushions body tissues
  • Solvent for transportation of nutrients & waste
  • Source of trace minerals
  • Medium for biochemical reactions
  • Reactant
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11
Q

_________ and __________ are most vulnerable to dehydration in the first year?

A

Newborn & Infant

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12
Q

When should you introduce straight water to newborns and infants ?

A

Around a year

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13
Q

What is the function of Fluid & Electrolytes?

A

To maintain fluid balances; cells control movement of electrolytes

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14
Q

What does FVD stand for?

A

Fluid Volume Deficit

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15
Q

Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances lead to what?

A

Fluid volume deficits

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16
Q

Who are most at risk for Fluid Volume Deficits?

A
  • Elderly

- Infants

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17
Q

Signs & Symptoms of FVD?

A
  • Hypotensive
  • Dry skin/mouth
  • Minimal tears in kids
  • Lightheadedness
  • Weight loss
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18
Q

What is Fluid Volume Excess?

A

Increased Fluid retention and edema

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19
Q

Fluid Volume Excess is associated with what?

A
  • Compromised regulatory mechanism
  • Excess fluid intake
  • Excess sodium
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20
Q

Causes of Fluid Volume Excess?

A
  • Sodium retention
  • Kwashiorkor
  • Water intoxication
    (To much water over a short period of time, resulting in solution of electrolytes)
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21
Q

How many essential minerals are there?

A

16 essential

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22
Q

Minerals are divided into what 2 categories?

A
  • Major minerals

- Trace minerals

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23
Q

Major minerals require __________ amounts and Trace minerals require __________ amounts?

A

Major minerals = Large amounts

Trace minerals = Small amounts

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24
Q

Food sources for Minerals?

A
  • Plants

- Animals

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25
Q

________ _____________ May result in mineral loss?

A

Food processing

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26
Q

Fortification of foods with minerals means what?

A

Putting back in artificial minerals

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27
Q

What happens to minerals during the digestion of food?

A

Minerals are separated from food

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28
Q

_________________ affects the levels of minerals absorbed?

A

Bioavailability

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29
Q

In Minerals, there is a risk for deficiencies in ______, _______, and ______

A
  • Iron
  • Calcium
  • Zinc
  • All Americans have a risk for these due to the* nature of our diets
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30
Q

_______________ is not metabolized by the human body?

A

Minerals

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31
Q

______________ are inorganic and do not provide energy?

A

Minerals

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32
Q

What is the Function of Calcium?

A
  • Structure and Storage
    (99% in bones)
    ( 1% In body fluids)
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33
Q

What increases calcium absorption?

A

An active lifestyle

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34
Q

How does your body get Calcium, if your not getting enough through your diet?

A
  • It will get pulled from your bones 🦴
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35
Q

Calcium sources?

A
  • Dairy products
  • Leafy greens 🥬
  • Small fish 🐠 with small bones
  • Fortified foods (orange juice)
  • Legumes
  • Tofu processed with calcium
  • Canned sardines
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36
Q

Calcium deficiencies?

A
  • Low blood calcium levels
    - calcium tetany (muscle spasms)
  • Reduced bone density
  • Stunted growth
  • Osteoporosis
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37
Q

High blood calcium levels cause what?

A

Calcium rigor (stiff muscles)

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38
Q

Osteoporosis affects what gender more?

A

Female

  • Typically after they go through menapouse
  • Asians & African Americans
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39
Q

What is the concern with Calcium toxicity?

A
  • Supplement concerns

Taking to many supplements can lead to toxicity

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40
Q

A lot of calcium in the blood = ?

A

Low phosphorus

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41
Q

Low phosphorus = ?

A

High calcium

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42
Q

Phosphorus Functions?

A
  • 85% in bones and teeth

- 15% for energy transfer, genetic material, acid-base buffer, and phospholipids

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43
Q

Phosphorus sources?

A
  • Widely available in foods
      • Especially protein rich foods**
        - Diary
        - Eggs
        - Meat
        - Fish
        - Cereal grains
44
Q

Phosphorus deficiencies are ___________?

A

Unknown

45
Q

Phosphorus Toxicity

Excessive phosphorus, usually from supplements can cause what?

A

Causes Calcium excretion

46
Q

Magnesium Functions?

A
  • structural and storage function in bones
  • regulates nerve and muscle function
    ( including the heart)
47
Q

What are symptoms of Magnesium deficiencies?

A
  • Muscle twitching and weakness

- convulsions

48
Q

Magnesium toxicity is _______ but _______

A

Rare but serious

49
Q

Sulfur Function?

A

Component of protein structures

50
Q

Sulfur sources?

A

All protein-containing foods

51
Q

What Minerals toxicity is Not a health issue?

A

Sulfur

52
Q

Sulfur deficiencies _________________?

A

Do not occur

53
Q

What are Electrolytes?

A

Minerals circulating in blood and other body fluids that carry electrical charge

54
Q

Sodium functions?

A
  • Primary extracellular electrolyte
  • Maintenance of BP and volume
  • Transmission of nerve impulses
  • Fluid balance
55
Q

Sodium sources?

A
  • Table salt (sodium chloride)
  • processed foods
  • occurs naturally in some foods
56
Q

A sodium deficiency is called what?

A

Hyponatremia

57
Q

What are sodium deficiencies caused by?

A

Caused by dehydration and / or excessive diarrhea

58
Q

Symptoms of a sodium deficiency?

A
  • headache
  • muscle cramps
  • weakness
  • reduced ability to concentrate
  • memory loss
  • appetite loss
59
Q

What occurs with sodium toxicity?

A

Sodium sensitive hypertension and edema

60
Q

What are the functions of potassium?

A
  • primary intracellular action maintains fluid levels inside the cells
  • Normal function of nerves and muscles (heart)
61
Q

Sources of Potassium?

A
  • unprocessed foods
  • potatoes 🥔
  • tomatoes 🍅
  • bananas 🍌
  • oranges 🍊
  • other fruits
  • vegetables
  • dairy products
  • legumes
62
Q

Causes of Potassium deficiencies?

A
  • Dehydration

(From Nausea or vomiting, diuretics, and misuse of laxatives)

63
Q

Symptoms of Potassium deficiencies?

A
  • muscle weakness
  • confusion
  • appetite lose

Severe cases:
- cardiac dysrhythmias

64
Q

What causes Potassium toxicity?

A

Supplement use

65
Q

Symptoms of potassium toxicity?

A
  • muscle weakness
  • confusion
  • vomiting
  • cardiac arrest
66
Q

Function of Chloride?

A
  • Extracellular amino maintains fluid inside/outside the cells
  • Component of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
67
Q

Sources of Chloride?

A
  • table salt (sodium chloride)

- foods with sodium

68
Q

Chloride deficiencies are very _________?

A

Rare

69
Q

Chloride toxicities caused by imbalances from ______________?

A

Dehydaration

70
Q

Functions of Iron?

A
  • Distributes oxygen: component of hemoglobin and myoglobin

- Assists enzymes in oxygen use by all cells

71
Q

Iron deficiencies are common among who?

A
  • women of childbearing age
  • teenage girls
  • young children
72
Q

Zinc functions?

A
  • GROWTH process
  • taste
  • smell
  • WOUND HEALING
  • immune system
  • carbohydrate metabolism
73
Q

Zinc sources?

A
  • meat 🥩
  • fish 🐟
  • poultry
  • whole grains
  • legumes
  • eggs
74
Q

Symptoms of Zinc deficiencies?

A
  • impaired growth & wound healing
  • reduces appetite, taste, & smell
  • immunologic disorders
75
Q

A severe Zinc deficiency may result in ____________ and ________________?

A
  • Dwarfism

- Hypogonadism

76
Q

In the U.S. who is at risk for Zinc deficiencies?

A
  • “picky” eaters

- older adults

77
Q

What causes Zinc toxicity?

A

Excess supplementation

produces GI distress leading to vomiting and diahrrhea, Fever, exhaustion (similar time flu)

78
Q

Iodine Function?

A
  • Part of hormone thyroxin produced by thyroid gland
79
Q

Sources of Iodine?

A
  • Salt fortified with iodine (check label)
  • Seafood
  • Sea salt DOES NOT have iodine in it*
80
Q

Iodine is associated with what medical problems?

A

Thyroid problems

81
Q

Sluggishness and weight gain is associated with what mineral deficiency?

A

Iodine deficiency

82
Q

What mineral deficiency causes a deficiency during pregnancy causing cretinism of the fetus?

A

Iodine deficiency

83
Q

Iodine deficiency reduces what?

A

Thyroxine production

84
Q

Iodine toxicity causes what?

A
  • Thyrotoxicosis

- iodine-induced goiter

85
Q

Fluoride function?

A
  • Increases resistance to tooth 🦷 decay
  • increases part of tooth formation
  • Bone mineralization for skeletal health
86
Q

Sources of Fluoride?

A
  • Fluoridated water (where available)
  • tea
  • seafood
  • toothpaste ingestion
87
Q

Fluoride deficiency increases the risk for ?

A
  • cavities

- May alter bone health

88
Q

What does Fluoride toxicity cause?

A

Fluorosis- Brown spotting on 🦷

(Mild discoloring)

89
Q

Selenium function?

A

Part of enzyme that acts as antioxidant

90
Q

Sources of Selenium?

A
  • meats🥩
  • fish 🐠
  • eggs 🥚
  • whole grains
91
Q

Keshan Disease is caused by a deficiency in what mineral?

A

Selenium deficiency

92
Q

Selenium deficiency may associated with a what?

A

Increased cancer risk

93
Q

Symptoms of Selenium toxicity?

A
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • metallic aftertaste
  • respiratory distress with lung edema & bronchopneumonia
  • garlic scented breath and sweat
  • severe liver damage
94
Q

Selenium toxicity is toxic at _______ levels?

A

LOW levels

As low as 5 times RDA - 55mcg

95
Q

Copper functions?

A
  • coenzyme
  • wound healing
  • nerve fiber protection
  • iron utilization
96
Q

Sources of Copper?

A
  • organ meats (liver)
  • seafood
  • leafy green vegetables
  • legumes
  • whole grains
  • dried fruits
  • water (if pipes are copper)
97
Q

Symptoms of Copper deficiencies?

A
  • Anemia
  • bone demineralization

** Copper deficiency does not occur in U.S.**

98
Q

How does a Copper toxicity develop?

A

From supplementation

- vomiting & diarrhea

99
Q

Wilson’s Disease is a result of what mineral toxicity?

A

Copper

100
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

Inherited disorder characterized by accumulation of copper in the brain, liver and cornea

101
Q

Wilson’s disease (Copper toxicity) leads to what?

A
  • leads to cirrhosis
  • chronic hepatitis
  • liver failure
  • neurologic disorders
102
Q

Chromium is what type of mineral?

A

TRACE mineral

103
Q

Chromium function?

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism as constituent of glucose tolerance factor (GTF)
104
Q

Sources of chromium?

A
  • Animal - derived foods
  • Eggs
  • Whole grains
105
Q

Chromium deficiency causes what?

A

Impaired glucose tolerance and unresponsiveness to insulin

106
Q

Deficiencies in Chromium are ____________?

A

Unusual

107
Q

Chromium toxicity is a result from what?

A

From enviornmental contaminants in industrial settings rather than from excessive dietary intakes

Nutrition Exam 2 (6 decks)

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