Chapter 8- Water & Minerals Flashcards
Water Food sources?
- Fluids
- Fruits
- Vegetables
Hard water contains high mineral levels such as __________ and ______________ ?
- Calcium
- Magnesium
Soft water naturally contains ____________?
Sodium
Soft water is a problem for individuals who have ____________ problems?
Cardiac problems
Individuals with cardiac problems should use what when drinking soft water?
A filter!
A filter should be used to remove ___________ from soft water?
Sodium
The majority of water absorption occurs where?
Large Intestine (regulated by colon)
Water is _____ ________________, but is an integral component of metabolic processes
Not metabolized
Every single cell in the body needs __________?
Water 💦
Functions of Water?
- Structural component of cells
- Regulation of body temperature
- Lubricant
- Shock- absorber: cushions body tissues
- Solvent for transportation of nutrients & waste
- Source of trace minerals
- Medium for biochemical reactions
- Reactant
_________ and __________ are most vulnerable to dehydration in the first year?
Newborn & Infant
When should you introduce straight water to newborns and infants ?
Around a year
What is the function of Fluid & Electrolytes?
To maintain fluid balances; cells control movement of electrolytes
What does FVD stand for?
Fluid Volume Deficit
Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances lead to what?
Fluid volume deficits
Who are most at risk for Fluid Volume Deficits?
- Elderly
- Infants
Signs & Symptoms of FVD?
- Hypotensive
- Dry skin/mouth
- Minimal tears in kids
- Lightheadedness
- Weight loss
What is Fluid Volume Excess?
Increased Fluid retention and edema
Fluid Volume Excess is associated with what?
- Compromised regulatory mechanism
- Excess fluid intake
- Excess sodium
Causes of Fluid Volume Excess?
- Sodium retention
- Kwashiorkor
- Water intoxication
(To much water over a short period of time, resulting in solution of electrolytes)
How many essential minerals are there?
16 essential
Minerals are divided into what 2 categories?
- Major minerals
- Trace minerals
Major minerals require __________ amounts and Trace minerals require __________ amounts?
Major minerals = Large amounts
Trace minerals = Small amounts
Food sources for Minerals?
- Plants
- Animals
________ _____________ May result in mineral loss?
Food processing
Fortification of foods with minerals means what?
Putting back in artificial minerals
What happens to minerals during the digestion of food?
Minerals are separated from food
_________________ affects the levels of minerals absorbed?
Bioavailability
In Minerals, there is a risk for deficiencies in ______, _______, and ______
- Iron
- Calcium
- Zinc
- All Americans have a risk for these due to the* nature of our diets
_______________ is not metabolized by the human body?
Minerals
______________ are inorganic and do not provide energy?
Minerals
What is the Function of Calcium?
- Structure and Storage
(99% in bones)
( 1% In body fluids)
What increases calcium absorption?
An active lifestyle
How does your body get Calcium, if your not getting enough through your diet?
- It will get pulled from your bones 🦴
Calcium sources?
- Dairy products
- Leafy greens 🥬
- Small fish 🐠 with small bones
- Fortified foods (orange juice)
- Legumes
- Tofu processed with calcium
- Canned sardines
Calcium deficiencies?
- Low blood calcium levels
- calcium tetany (muscle spasms) - Reduced bone density
- Stunted growth
- Osteoporosis
High blood calcium levels cause what?
Calcium rigor (stiff muscles)
Osteoporosis affects what gender more?
Female
- Typically after they go through menapouse
- Asians & African Americans
What is the concern with Calcium toxicity?
- Supplement concerns
Taking to many supplements can lead to toxicity
A lot of calcium in the blood = ?
Low phosphorus
Low phosphorus = ?
High calcium
Phosphorus Functions?
- 85% in bones and teeth
- 15% for energy transfer, genetic material, acid-base buffer, and phospholipids
Phosphorus sources?
- Widely available in foods
- Especially protein rich foods**
- Diary
- Eggs
- Meat
- Fish
- Cereal grains
- Especially protein rich foods**
Phosphorus deficiencies are ___________?
Unknown
Phosphorus Toxicity
Excessive phosphorus, usually from supplements can cause what?
Causes Calcium excretion
Magnesium Functions?
- structural and storage function in bones
- regulates nerve and muscle function
( including the heart)
What are symptoms of Magnesium deficiencies?
- Muscle twitching and weakness
- convulsions
Magnesium toxicity is _______ but _______
Rare but serious
Sulfur Function?
Component of protein structures
Sulfur sources?
All protein-containing foods
What Minerals toxicity is Not a health issue?
Sulfur
Sulfur deficiencies _________________?
Do not occur
What are Electrolytes?
Minerals circulating in blood and other body fluids that carry electrical charge
Sodium functions?
- Primary extracellular electrolyte
- Maintenance of BP and volume
- Transmission of nerve impulses
- Fluid balance
Sodium sources?
- Table salt (sodium chloride)
- processed foods
- occurs naturally in some foods
A sodium deficiency is called what?
Hyponatremia
What are sodium deficiencies caused by?
Caused by dehydration and / or excessive diarrhea
Symptoms of a sodium deficiency?
- headache
- muscle cramps
- weakness
- reduced ability to concentrate
- memory loss
- appetite loss
What occurs with sodium toxicity?
Sodium sensitive hypertension and edema
What are the functions of potassium?
- primary intracellular action maintains fluid levels inside the cells
- Normal function of nerves and muscles (heart)
Sources of Potassium?
- unprocessed foods
- potatoes 🥔
- tomatoes 🍅
- bananas 🍌
- oranges 🍊
- other fruits
- vegetables
- dairy products
- legumes
Causes of Potassium deficiencies?
- Dehydration
(From Nausea or vomiting, diuretics, and misuse of laxatives)
Symptoms of Potassium deficiencies?
- muscle weakness
- confusion
- appetite lose
Severe cases:
- cardiac dysrhythmias
What causes Potassium toxicity?
Supplement use
Symptoms of potassium toxicity?
- muscle weakness
- confusion
- vomiting
- cardiac arrest
Function of Chloride?
- Extracellular amino maintains fluid inside/outside the cells
- Component of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
Sources of Chloride?
- table salt (sodium chloride)
- foods with sodium
Chloride deficiencies are very _________?
Rare
Chloride toxicities caused by imbalances from ______________?
Dehydaration
Functions of Iron?
- Distributes oxygen: component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
- Assists enzymes in oxygen use by all cells
Iron deficiencies are common among who?
- women of childbearing age
- teenage girls
- young children
Zinc functions?
- GROWTH process
- taste
- smell
- WOUND HEALING
- immune system
- carbohydrate metabolism
Zinc sources?
- meat 🥩
- fish 🐟
- poultry
- whole grains
- legumes
- eggs
Symptoms of Zinc deficiencies?
- impaired growth & wound healing
- reduces appetite, taste, & smell
- immunologic disorders
A severe Zinc deficiency may result in ____________ and ________________?
- Dwarfism
- Hypogonadism
In the U.S. who is at risk for Zinc deficiencies?
- “picky” eaters
- older adults
What causes Zinc toxicity?
Excess supplementation
produces GI distress leading to vomiting and diahrrhea, Fever, exhaustion (similar time flu)
Iodine Function?
- Part of hormone thyroxin produced by thyroid gland
Sources of Iodine?
- Salt fortified with iodine (check label)
- Seafood
- Sea salt DOES NOT have iodine in it*
Iodine is associated with what medical problems?
Thyroid problems
Sluggishness and weight gain is associated with what mineral deficiency?
Iodine deficiency
What mineral deficiency causes a deficiency during pregnancy causing cretinism of the fetus?
Iodine deficiency
Iodine deficiency reduces what?
Thyroxine production
Iodine toxicity causes what?
- Thyrotoxicosis
- iodine-induced goiter
Fluoride function?
- Increases resistance to tooth 🦷 decay
- increases part of tooth formation
- Bone mineralization for skeletal health
Sources of Fluoride?
- Fluoridated water (where available)
- tea
- seafood
- toothpaste ingestion
Fluoride deficiency increases the risk for ?
- cavities
- May alter bone health
What does Fluoride toxicity cause?
Fluorosis- Brown spotting on 🦷
(Mild discoloring)
Selenium function?
Part of enzyme that acts as antioxidant
Sources of Selenium?
- meats🥩
- fish 🐠
- eggs 🥚
- whole grains
Keshan Disease is caused by a deficiency in what mineral?
Selenium deficiency
Selenium deficiency may associated with a what?
Increased cancer risk
Symptoms of Selenium toxicity?
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- metallic aftertaste
- respiratory distress with lung edema & bronchopneumonia
- garlic scented breath and sweat
- severe liver damage
Selenium toxicity is toxic at _______ levels?
LOW levels
As low as 5 times RDA - 55mcg
Copper functions?
- coenzyme
- wound healing
- nerve fiber protection
- iron utilization
Sources of Copper?
- organ meats (liver)
- seafood
- leafy green vegetables
- legumes
- whole grains
- dried fruits
- water (if pipes are copper)
Symptoms of Copper deficiencies?
- Anemia
- bone demineralization
** Copper deficiency does not occur in U.S.**
How does a Copper toxicity develop?
From supplementation
- vomiting & diarrhea
Wilson’s Disease is a result of what mineral toxicity?
Copper
What is Wilson’s disease?
Inherited disorder characterized by accumulation of copper in the brain, liver and cornea
Wilson’s disease (Copper toxicity) leads to what?
- leads to cirrhosis
- chronic hepatitis
- liver failure
- neurologic disorders
Chromium is what type of mineral?
TRACE mineral
Chromium function?
- Carbohydrate metabolism as constituent of glucose tolerance factor (GTF)
Sources of chromium?
- Animal - derived foods
- Eggs
- Whole grains
Chromium deficiency causes what?
Impaired glucose tolerance and unresponsiveness to insulin
Deficiencies in Chromium are ____________?
Unusual
Chromium toxicity is a result from what?
From enviornmental contaminants in industrial settings rather than from excessive dietary intakes
