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Nutrition Exam 2 > Chapter 15 - Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Relative or complete lack of insulin secretion by beta cells
OR
defects of insulin receptors

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2
Q

Diabetes Mellitus results in what?

A

disturbances of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, and in elevated blood glucose levels

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3
Q

In Diabetes Mellitus, __________ and ____________ damage results in disability and premature death?

A

Macrovascular and Microvascular

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4
Q

Macrovascular complications?

A
  • coronary artery disease
  • peripheral vascular disease
  • cerebrovascular disease
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5
Q

Microvascular complications?

A
  • nephropathy
  • retinopathy
  • neuropathy
  • impaired healing leading to gangrene and amputation
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6
Q

Autonomic effects of Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • gastroparesis
  • neurogenic bladder
  • impotence
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7
Q

Classifications of Diabetes Mellitus?

A 
Type 1 (T1DM) : 5% to 10% of patients
Type 2 (T2DM) : more than 90% of patients
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8
Q

Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  • polydipsia
  • polyuria
  • polyphasic
  • weight loss
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9
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is caused by what?

A

destruction of pancreatic beta cells

  • Autoimmune disorder
  • Idiopathic diabetes
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10
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  • gradual onset of polyuria and polydipsia
  • easily fatigues
  • frequent infections (especially UTIs)
  • May have condition for many years before complications lead to diagnosis
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11
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus caused by?

A

Insulin resistance - failure of cells to respond to insulin
OR
- defects in insulin secretion

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12
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk Factors?

A
  • family history
  • obesity
  • gestational diabetes
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13
Q

________ produces an insulin-resistant state; causes cells to produce excess insulin

A

Obesity

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14
Q

What is A1C called?

A

Glycosylated hemoglobin

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15
Q

What does A1C reflect?

A

Reflects blood glucose control for 100 to 120 days

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16
Q

What is used for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus when diet and physical activity do not control hyperglycemia?

A

Oral glucose-lowering medications

17
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus requires what type of insulin?

A 
exogenous insulin
(to maintain blood glucose level WNL)
18
Q

Some patients with T2DM require _________ to optimize glucose control?

A

Insulin

19
Q

what is the goal of Insulin use?

A

To maintain the glucose level as close to physiologic normal as possible.

20
Q

What are benefits of Exercise?

A
  • lowers blood glucose levels
  • assists in maintaining normal lipid levels
  • Increases circulation
21
Q

People with diabetes should not exercise when?

A

When insulin is at its peak

22
Q

When is exercise ideal for people with Diabetes?

A

Exercise when blood glucose level is 100 to 200mg/dLl

(30 to 60 minutes after meals)

23
Q

When should exercise be avoided in individuals with diabetes?

A

When blood glucose level is greater than 250mg/dL and when ketones are in the urine

24
Q

Causes of Hypoglycemia?

A
  • too much insulin
  • skipping meals
  • too much exercise without food replacement
25
Q

When do symptoms of Hypoglycemia occur?

A

Occur when blood glucose level falls below 50mg/dL

26
Q

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia?

A
  • Hunger
  • Erratic behavior
  • Confusion
  • Trembling/shaking
  • Cool, Clammy, Pale skin
27
Q

Hypoglycemia–> Food to raise blood sugar quickly?

A
  • 5 to 6 pieces of hard candy
  • 4oz of fruit juice or regular soda (not diet)
  • 1Tbsp of sugar, jelly, or honey
  • 3 glucose tablets
    (available without a prescription at most pharmacies)
28
Q

What effect does an illness have on blood glucose concentrations?

A

Elevates

29
Q

What effect does an illness have on the appetite?

A

Decreases

30
Q

Women with Pre-existing diabetes are vulnerable to what?

A

Vulnerable to fetal complications

31
Q

Gestational Diabetes (GDM)?

A

Begins in pregnancy and is resolved at parturition

32
Q

Increased insulin in Gestational Diabetes causes __________?

A

macrosomia

33
Q

Gestational Diabetes makes up what percentage of pregnancies?

A

5% to 6% of pregnancies

34
Q

Gestational Diabetes is associated with what?

A

Obesity - but weight loss is not recommended during pregnancy

35
Q

In individuals with Gestational Diabetes they are at a greater risk for what?

A

Increased risk for later development of Type 2 DM

(occurs in 20% to 50% of women with GDM

36
Q

Postpartium recommendations?

A
  • Screening for 6 or more weeks after delivery
  • Maintaining ideal body weight
  • Eating a low-fat diet
  • Exercising regularly
  • Breastfeeding
37
Q

Type 2 diabetes in the young is related to what?

A

Related to increase in childhood obesity

38
Q

Other signs and symptoms that may indicate a risk for Type 2 DM include what?

A
  • acanthuses
  • nigricans
  • polycystic ovarian syndrome
  • hypertension

(Girls more susceptible than boys)

Nutrition Exam 2 (6 decks)

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