Chapter 17 - Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases Flashcards
What is Cardiovascular Disease?
A group of diseases and conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels
________ __________ is currently the leading cause of death in the U.S. of men and women in all ethnic and racial groups?
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
What does VLDL’s stand for?
Very low-density lipoproteins
What type of cholesterol is considered “Bad”?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
What type of cholesterol is considered “good”?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
What does HDL do?
It helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream.
What are two risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease?
- Elevated triglyceride levels
- Nonlipid risk factors
Risk factors for Elevated triglyceride levels?
- obesity
- physical inactivity
- diabetes
- chronic kidney disease
- nephrotic syndrome
- excess alcohol intake
- unhealthy diet
- obstructive sleep apnea
- genetic factors
Nonlipid risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease?
Fixed: age, male gender, genes, family history
Modifiable: hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, Vitamin D deficiency
In terms of CAD, _____________ and ___________ should be limited?
- Saturated fat
- cholesterol
What are sources of Monounsaturated fats?
- plant oils
- nuts
Monounsaturated fats do what?
Lowers LDL cholesterol without decreasing HDL cholesterol
What are sources of Polyunsaturated fats?
- Liquid vegetable oils
- semiliquid margarines and other margarines low in trans fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fats do what?
Lowers LDL but also decreases HDL cholesterol
A Mediterranean diet consists of what?
- Variety of fruits and vegetables
- Fiber-rich whole grains
- Low-fat dairy products
- Eggs
- Skinless poultry and fish (prepared in healthy ways)
- Nuts
- Legumes
- Olive oil and non-tropical vegetable oils
What is the nutrition therapy goal for a Myocardial Infarction?
Reduce the workload of the heart
Omega 3 fatty acids may do what?
Reduce the risk of blood clots
Hypertension is what?
A cardiovascular disease and risk factor for CAD
What blood pressure readings typically indicate Hypertension.
- Systolic = ?
- Diastolic = ?
Systolic: greater than or equal to 140mmHg
AND/ OR
Diastolic: greater than or equal to 90mmHg
- OR BOTH*
What is another name for Primary Hypertension?
Essential Hypertension
Primary Hypertension makes up what % of cases?
About 95% of HTN cases
What is the cause of primary hypertension ?
Cause: Unknown
The cause of secondary hypertension Is what?
cause of HTN is identifiable
Conditions that are possible causes of Secondary Hypertension?
- Cushing’s syndrome
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Diabetic nephropathy
- Thyroid disorders
- Primary aldosteronism
What is the most effective lifestyle change for Hypertension?
Weight loss
What is another Lifestyle Change that should be implemented in someone with hypertension?
Increase potassium, magnesium, and calcium
What does DASH stand for?
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
Why are DASH diets recommended for Hypertension?
Recommended for the prevention and management of HTN
Heart Failure is due to what?
Cardiac Decompensation
Left ventricular failure affects what?
Pulmonary congestion (Left-Lungs)
Right ventricular failure affects what?
Systemic congestion, poor perfusion to all organ systems
7 Sneaky Sodium Stowaways?
- Snacks (chips, pretzels, peanuts, crackers)
- Seasonings
- Soups
- Sauces
- Smoked meats and fish
- Sauerkraut and other pickled foods
- Sodium-processed lunch meats
Respiratory Diseases = ?
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Acute respiratory failure and respiratory distress syndrome
High energy needs for breathing can be seen in what Respiratoy Disease?
COPD
COPD Malnutrition results from ?
- altered taste
- fatigue
- anxiety
- depression
- increased energy requirements
- frequent infections
- side effects of multiple medications
What is Acute Respiratory Failure and Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
Fluid builds up in the tiny alveoli in the lungs from leaky blood vessels.
*More fluid in the lungs means less O2 in the
bloodstream
- Need more energy to compensate*
What respiratory problem(s) are very serious and have high mortality rates
Acute Respiratory Failure
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure and Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
- sepsis
- pneumonia
- chest injury
