Chapter 8 Vocab

Question 0

Building blocks of proteins that have different roles in intraneural metabolism

Answer 0

Amino acids

Question 1

The primary cholinergic neurotransmitter. Found in the greatest concentration in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 1

Acetylcholine

Question 2

Part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary vital functions including cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. It is composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Answer 2

Autonomic nervous system

Question 3

Subcortical grey matter areas in both the fright and left hemisphere that contain many cell bodies or nuclei

Answer 3

Basal ganglia

Question 4

Small molecules manufactured in the neuron that contain and amine group. These include dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine ( all synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine) and serotonin (from tryptophan)

Answer 4

Biogenic amines

Question 5

Physical indicators of disturbances within the central nervous system that differentiate one disease state from another; found using diagnostic testing

Answer 5

Biologic markers

Question 6

Area of the brain containing the midbrain, pons, and medulla, which continues beneath the thalamus

Answer 6

Brain stem

Question 7

Part of the brain that is responsible for controlling movement and postural adjustments; it receives information from all parts of the body

Answer 7

Cerebellum

Question 8

Study and measure of time structures or biologic rhythms

Answer 8

Chronobiology

Question 9

A biologic system that has a 24 hour cycle

Answer 9

Circadian cycle

Question 10

Outermost surface of the cerebrum of the mature brain

Answer 10

Cortex

Question 11

An excitatory neurotransmitter found in distinct regions of the CNS involved in cognition, motor, and neuroendocrine function

Answer 11

Dopamine

Question 12

Collection of neuronal pathways that provide significant input in involuntary motor movements; a bundle of nerve fibers connecting the thalamus to the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

Answer 12

Extrapyramidal motor system

Question 13

Lobes of the brain located on the lateral surface of each hemisphere

Answer 13

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Question 14

The aspect of neuroimaging that visualizes processing of information

Answer 14

Functional imaging

Question 15

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter for the CNS

Answer 15

GABA

Question 16

A concept the suggests that an individual may be at risk for a psychiatric disorder based on genetic transmission

Answer 16

Genetic susceptibility

Question 17

The most widely distributed excitatory neurotransmitter; the main transmitter in the association all areas of the cortex

Answer 17

Glutamate

Question 18

Subcortical gray matter embedded within each temporal lobe of the brain that may be involved in determining the best way to store information, especially the emotions attached to a memory

Answer 18

Hippocampus

Question 19

A neurotransmitter derived from the amino acid histidine that originates predominantly in the hypothalamus and projects to all major structures in the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord.

Answer 19

Histamine

Question 20

A “system” of several small structures within the brain that work in a highly organized way. These structures include the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and limbic midbrain nuclei

Answer 20

Limbic system

Question 21

A tiny cluster of neurons that fans out and innervates almost every part of the brain, including most of the cortex, the thalamus and hypothalamus, the cerebellum, and the spinal cord

Answer 21

Locus ceruleus

Question 22

The complex neural functional networks that link brain structures, including the prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and amygdala. Research indicates that a dysfunctional ________ underlies most psychiatric disorders

Answer 22

Neurocircuity

Question 23

Hormones produced by cells within the nervous system, such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 23

Neurohormones

Question 24

Nerve cells responsible for receiving, organizing, and transmitting information

Answer 24

Neuron

Question 25

Chemical messengers that make the target cell membrane or the postsynaptic membrane more or less susceptible to the effects of the primary neurotransmitter

Answer 25

Neuromodulators

Question 26

Short chains of amino acids that exist in the central nervous system and have a number of important roles, including neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or neurohormones

Answer 26

Neuropeptides

Question 27

An excitatory neurochemical that plays a major role in generating and maintaining mood states. Heavily concentrated in the terminal sites of sympathetic nerves, it can be released quickly to ready the individual for a fight-or-flight response to threats in the environment

Answer 27

Norepinephrine

Question 28

Observable characteristics or expressions of a specific trait

Answer 28

Phenotype

Question 29

Located in the epithalamus; contain secretory cells that emit the neurohormone melatonin (as well as other substances), which has been associated with sleep and emotional disorders and modulation of immune function

Answer 29

Pineal body

Question 30

The study of inheritance of illness or traits from generation to generation

Answer 30

Population genetics

Question 31

A person who has a genetic disorder or a trait of a mental disorder

Answer 31

Proband

Question 32

The study of relationships among the immune system, nervous system, and endocrine system and our behaviors, thoughts and feelings

Answer 32

Psychoneuroimmunology

Question 33

Proteins that receive released neurotransmitters. Each neurotransmitter has a specific receptor, or protein, for which it and only it will fit; serves a physiologic regulatory function

Answer 33

Receptors

Question 34

Also called 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT, this is a primarily excitatory neurotransmitter that is diffusely distributed within the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia or the CNS.

Answer 34

Serotonin

Question 35

The aspect of neuroimaging that visualizes the structure of brain and allows diagnosis or gross intracranial disease and injury

Answer 35

Structural imaging

Question 36

A junction between one nerve and another; the space where the electrical intracellular signal becomes a chemical extracellular signal

Answer 36

Synaptic cleft

Question 37

An important aspect of the brains frontal lobe function, including the ability to plan and initiate activity with future goals in mind

Answer 37

Working memory

Question 38

Specific events that function as time givers or synchronizers and that result in the setting of biologic rhythms

Answer 38

Zeitgebers