Chapter 8 - Trait Aspects

Question 1

What are the four traits Hippocrates used for his trait theory?

Answer 1

sanguine, melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic

Question 2

What does sanguine represent?

Answer 2

hopeful+cheerful; blood

Question 3

What does melancholic represent?

Answer 3

sad + depressive; black bile

Question 4

What does choleric represent?

Answer 4

angry; yellow bile

Question 5

What does phlegmatic represent?

Answer 5

slow+ apathetic; phlegm

Question 6

Carl Jung created 4 functions and 2 attitudes. What are they?

Answer 6

thinking, feeling, sensing, intuition (4 functions)
extraversion, introversion (2 attitudes)

Question 7

the judgement-perception scale is orientated toward

Answer 7

evaluating or perceiving things

Question 8

Cattell created the ____ personality factors questionnaire

Answer 8

16

Question 9

What are the 3 types of data Cattell collected?

Answer 9

q-data (questionnare data), t-data (test data), l-data (life data)

Question 10

what is factor analysis?

Answer 10

reducing info to make it more understandable

Question 11

Allport recognized that behavior is variable but there are _____ for each person

Answer 11

core portions (this is what he called traits)

Question 12

what 3 reasons did Allport believe there was stability in behavior?

Answer 12

1. ppl view many situations and stimuli the same way
2. individual behavior are similar in meaning
3. functionally equivalent

Question 13

what does functional equivalence mean?

Answer 13

??? sorry

Question 14

what are common traits

Answer 14

traits that people in a population share due to biological heritage and shared cultures

Question 15

what does it mean to be functionally autonomous

Answer 15

independence of personality from their origins
-ex. childhood can be the origin of personality but it doesn’t influence adult tendencies

Question 16

what is proprium?

Answer 16

core of personality

Question 17

what are idiographic approaches

Answer 17

methods that take into account each person’s uniqueness

Question 18

what are nomothetic methods

Answer 18

ones that focus on the generalized pop?

Question 19

what is personal dispositions

Answer 19

a trait peculiar to that person

Question 20

what is cardinal dispositions

Answer 20

ruling passions of life

Question 21

what are central dispositions

Answer 21

fundamental qualities that can portray an individual

Question 22

what are the big 5 personality traits

Answer 22

extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness
-used on a scale

Question 23

what are the characteristics of scoring high on extroversion vs. low?

Answer 23

high- energetic, dominant, socialable
low- shy, submissive, quiet

Question 24

what are the characteristics of scoring high on agreeableness vs. low?

Answer 24

high- friendly, cooperative, trusting
low- cold, unkind, quarrelsome

Question 25

what are the characteristics of scoring high on conscientiousness vs. low?

Answer 25

high- cautious, persevering, responsible
low- impulsive, careless, undependable

Question 26

what are the characteristics of scoring high on neuroticism vs. low?

Answer 26

high- anxiety, hostility, depression
low- calm, content

Question 27

what are the characteristics of scoring high on openness vs. low?

Answer 27

high- imaginative, witty, artisitc
low- shallow, plain, simple

Question 28

most research in support of the big 5 is ____ and suggests that hypothetical constructs can represent something real even if we ______

Answer 28

research-driven, not theory based
dont know what the something is

Question 29

what are real world applications of the big 5?

Answer 29

it works throughout the world however cultures differ how much they value each trait and cities differ in personality

Question 30

what are the 3 biological systems of Eysenck believes traits come from

Answer 30

extroversion, neurotism, and psychoticism

Question 31

what is extroversion according to Eysenck?

Answer 31

outgoing and assertive

Question 32

what is neuroticism according to Eysenck?

Answer 32

instability and apprehensiveness

Question 33

what is psychoticism?

Answer 33

tendency toward psychopathy

Question 34

What are some research that supports Eysenck?

Answer 34

ppl sensitive to rewards are high in extroversion and those who are hostile are high in psychoticism

Question 35

What are personality judgments?

Answer 35

judgments made by people besides the person being evaluated

Question 36

what is zero acquaintance?

Answer 36

observing someone who we never interacted with

Question 37

how can trait theory predict fucture actions?

Answer 37

through trait ratings (via zero acquaintance and friends/spouse judgements)

Question 37

how can trait theory predict fucture actions?

Answer 37

through trait ratings (via zero acquaintance and friends/spouse judgements)

Question 38

how can trait theory predict fucture actions?

Answer 38

through trait ratings (via zero acquaintance and friends/spouse judgments)

Question 39

what are types?

Answer 39

discrete classes of people
-boundaries aren’t clear-cut

Question 40

types vs traits

Answer 40

types are useful for comparing ideals of personality to compare real people, traits are the actual traits

Question 41

what is motive?

Answer 41

internal psychobiological forces that induce behavior patterns toward

Question 42

what did Murray define “need” as?

Answer 42

a readiness to respond in a certain way under given conditions

Question 43

what are the 4 ways for needs to be expressed?

Answer 43

1. need for achievement
2. need for affiliation
3. need for power
4. need for exhibition

Question 44

what is expressive style?

Answer 44

vocal characteristics, facial expressions, body movements

Question 45

expressive people are seen as more _____ while unexpressive can be ____

Answer 45

attractive; unhealthy - seen as a sign for alienation, depression, repressed anxiety

Question 46

what are the limitations of trait approaches?

Answer 46

1. oversimplification of personality
2. may label people on basis of test scores
3. sometimes underestimates variability across situations
4. may underestimate influence of unconscious motives and early experiences

Question 47

what is trait approach of free will?

Answer 47

allows for free will, after considering predispositions and motives