Chapter 8 - Trait Aspects Flashcards
What are the four traits Hippocrates used for his trait theory?
sanguine, melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic
What does sanguine represent?
hopeful+cheerful; blood
What does melancholic represent?
sad + depressive; black bile
What does choleric represent?
angry; yellow bile
What does phlegmatic represent?
slow+ apathetic; phlegm
Carl Jung created 4 functions and 2 attitudes. What are they?
thinking, feeling, sensing, intuition (4 functions)
extraversion, introversion (2 attitudes)
the judgement-perception scale is orientated toward
evaluating or perceiving things
Cattell created the ____ personality factors questionnaire
16
What are the 3 types of data Cattell collected?
q-data (questionnare data), t-data (test data), l-data (life data)
what is factor analysis?
reducing info to make it more understandable
Allport recognized that behavior is variable but there are _____ for each person
core portions (this is what he called traits)
what 3 reasons did Allport believe there was stability in behavior?
- ppl view many situations and stimuli the same way
- individual behavior are similar in meaning
- functionally equivalent
what does functional equivalence mean?
??? sorry
what are common traits
traits that people in a population share due to biological heritage and shared cultures
what does it mean to be functionally autonomous
independence of personality from their origins
-ex. childhood can be the origin of personality but it doesn’t influence adult tendencies
what is proprium?
core of personality
what are idiographic approaches
methods that take into account each person’s uniqueness
what are nomothetic methods
ones that focus on the generalized pop?
what is personal dispositions
a trait peculiar to that person
what is cardinal dispositions
ruling passions of life
what are central dispositions
fundamental qualities that can portray an individual
what are the big 5 personality traits
extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness
-used on a scale
what are the characteristics of scoring high on extroversion vs. low?
high- energetic, dominant, socialable
low- shy, submissive, quiet
what are the characteristics of scoring high on agreeableness vs. low?
high- friendly, cooperative, trusting
low- cold, unkind, quarrelsome
what are the characteristics of scoring high on conscientiousness vs. low?
high- cautious, persevering, responsible
low- impulsive, careless, undependable
what are the characteristics of scoring high on neuroticism vs. low?
high- anxiety, hostility, depression
low- calm, content
what are the characteristics of scoring high on openness vs. low?
high- imaginative, witty, artisitc
low- shallow, plain, simple
most research in support of the big 5 is ____ and suggests that hypothetical constructs can represent something real even if we ______
research-driven, not theory based
dont know what the something is
what are real world applications of the big 5?
it works throughout the world however cultures differ how much they value each trait and cities differ in personality
what are the 3 biological systems of Eysenck believes traits come from
extroversion, neurotism, and psychoticism
what is extroversion according to Eysenck?
outgoing and assertive
what is neuroticism according to Eysenck?
instability and apprehensiveness
what is psychoticism?
tendency toward psychopathy
What are some research that supports Eysenck?
ppl sensitive to rewards are high in extroversion and those who are hostile are high in psychoticism
What are personality judgments?
judgments made by people besides the person being evaluated
what is zero acquaintance?
observing someone who we never interacted with
how can trait theory predict fucture actions?
through trait ratings (via zero acquaintance and friends/spouse judgements)
how can trait theory predict fucture actions?
through trait ratings (via zero acquaintance and friends/spouse judgements)
how can trait theory predict fucture actions?
through trait ratings (via zero acquaintance and friends/spouse judgments)
what are types?
discrete classes of people
-boundaries aren’t clear-cut
types vs traits
types are useful for comparing ideals of personality to compare real people, traits are the actual traits
what is motive?
internal psychobiological forces that induce behavior patterns toward
what did Murray define “need” as?
a readiness to respond in a certain way under given conditions
what are the 4 ways for needs to be expressed?
- need for achievement
- need for affiliation
- need for power
- need for exhibition
what is expressive style?
vocal characteristics, facial expressions, body movements
expressive people are seen as more _____ while unexpressive can be ____
attractive; unhealthy - seen as a sign for alienation, depression, repressed anxiety
what are the limitations of trait approaches?
- oversimplification of personality
- may label people on basis of test scores
- sometimes underestimates variability across situations
- may underestimate influence of unconscious motives and early experiences
what is trait approach of free will?
allows for free will, after considering predispositions and motives
