Chapter 6 - Behaviorist and Learning Flashcards
John Locke provided the philosophical basis for learning approach by viewing infants as a
tabula rosa- blank slate
what is classical conditioning
pairing a stimulus with a neutral stimulus; learning through association
what is an unconditioned stimulus vs. conditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus- stimulus that elicits an automatic response
conditioned stimulus - stimulus that triggers the conditioned response
what is an unconditioned response vs. a conditioned response
unconditioned response - automatic response to stimulus
conditioned response - response that is learned
what is generalization
a conditioned response that occurs in response to similar stimuli as a conditioned stimulus
what is discrimination (in conditioning)
learning to differentiate between different stimuli; only responding to the conditioned stimulus
what is the formation of behavioral patterns?
NS associated with positive occurrences are likes; neg. responses are dislikes
what is extinction
the CR becomes less frequent until it disappears
how can neuroticism be conditioned
environment makes a person discriminate between events where its impossible to do so; can’t tell if parents are going to be angry or happy
-so they’re conditioned to be high strung
what is behaviorism?
theory that all learning is through conditioning
what is the little Albert study
Watson conditioned a little boy to be scared of all furry white things
what is systematic desensitization
gradually extinguishing a fear by exposing the person to it
what is Hull’s Law of Effect
satisfaction of needs creates habits
what does reinforcement do
increases response that can occur through adding or removing a stimulus
what is operant conditioning
changing behavior by its consequences
what is shaping
using successive approximations to get the desired behavior
what is Skinner’s theory of personality
personality is shaped through reinforcements (rewards and punishments)
what is Skinner’s box
an animal/child is segregated from all irrelevant environmental influences to provide either pos. or neg.reinforcement
what is negative reinforcement vs. punishment
negative reinforcement - taking away negative stiumulus to increase behavior
negative punishment- decreases behavior by removing stimulus
what is radical determinism
belief that there is no free will; all behavior is caused
what is Hull’s theory of internal drives
we are driven by primary drives- hunger, thirst, sex, avoidance of pain
what are habits
satisfactions of needs
what are secondary drives according to Hull
drives determined by social factors; ex. money, pride
what is social learning theory (dollard and miller)
habits are built up via a hierarchy of secondary (acquired) drives
what is a habit hierarchy
learned hierarchy in which a person produces particular responses in a particular situation (habits)
what are secondary drives (dollard and miller)
drives that are learned by association with the satisfaction of primary drives
what is attachment theory
infants need to develop a relationship with at least one parent; nourishment is not enough
what is approach-approach conflict?
person drawn to 2 equally attractive choices
what is approach-avoidance conflict
person is drawn to and away from choices
what is avoidance-avoidance conflict
person is repulsed by 2 equally undesirable choices
what is frustration-aggression hypothesis
aggression is the result of blocking (frustrating) a person’s effort to attain a goal
