Chapter 7 - Cognitive Aspects

Question 1

what is gestalt psychology

Answer 1

intellectual movement in Germany that seeks to understand how the brain perceives experiences

Question 2

what is gestalt?

Answer 2

suggests that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Question 3

what are the 3 central principles of gestalt psychology?

Answer 3

1. human beings seek meaning in their environment
2. we organize sensations we receive into meaningful perceptions
3. complex stimuli are not reducible to the sum of their parts

Question 4

what is field theory?

Answer 4

examines patterns of interaction between the person and the environment

Question 5

what is life space

Answer 5

all internal and external forces and their relationships with one another

Question 6

what is contemporaneous causation

Answer 6

the momentary condition of the individual

Question 7

what is field independence

Answer 7

analytical; allows for more complex levels of problem-solving

Question 8

what is cognitive complexity

Answer 8

the extent one understands, utilizes and is comfortable with separate elements of entity and how well they can integrate them

Question 9

cognitive style is

Answer 9

distinct ways of fealing with daily tasks that involve perception ad problem-solving

Question 10

what is field dependence

Answer 10

more sensitivity to context; looks at the big picture of problems

Question 11

what is a schema

Answer 11

cognitive structure that organizes knowledge and expectations about one’s environment
-determines how we think and act

Question 12

what is a script

Answer 12

specifies the roles and actions of all participants

Question 13

what is a situated social condition

Answer 13

social-cognition processes that change with changes in the situation

Question 14

what is attention control

Answer 14

we notice environmental factors and combine them with our current goals to determine attention

Question 15

how is ADHD relevant to personality

Answer 15

it influences how a person interacts with social environmental and influences how others see them

Question 16

what is rejection sensitivity

Answer 16

the extent of how overly sensitive someone is to cues they are being ignored

Question 17

what is personal construct theory

Answer 17

people actively try to understand the world and construct their own theories about human behavior
-everyone has their own theory

Question 18

what is social intelligence

Answer 18

knowledge and skills relevant to interpersonal skills situation

Question 19

what is emotional intelligence

Answer 19

emotional abilities to deal with other people

Question 20

what are the 5 components of having emotional intelligence

Answer 20

being self-aware, controlling anger + anxiety, being persistent and optimistic, being empathetic, interacting smoothly

Question 21

what is emotional knowledge

Answer 21

ability to recognize and interpret emotion in the self and others

Question 22

what is an explanatory style

Answer 22

characteristic way of interpreting life events

Question 23

optimistic explanatory style vs pessimism explanatory style (research)

Answer 23

ppl with more optimism are associated with better outcomes;

Question 24

what is learned helpless

Answer 24

repeated exposure to unavoidable punishment leads to acceptance of avoidable punishment

Question 25

what is cognitive intervention

Answer 25

teaching people to change their thought process

Question 26

what is learned optimism

Answer 26

training people to think differently about themselves and situations

Question 27

what is locus of control

Answer 27

beliefs about one’s ability to affect outcomes

Question 28

what is outcome extectancy

Answer 28

how strongly we expect our performance will have a positive results

Question 29

what is reinforcement value

Answer 29

extent of valuation of the expected reward

Question 30

what is behavior potential

Answer 30

the likelihood of behavior that will be performed in a particular situation

Question 31

what is specific expectancy vs generalized expectancy

Answer 31

a particular reward applies to a particular situation following a behavior vs relating it to a group of situations

Question 32

what are secondary reinforcers according to Rotter

Answer 32

the satisfaction of the 6 (primary) psychological needs

Question 33

what are primary needs according to Rotter

Answer 33

recognition-status, dominance, independence, protection-dependency, love and affection, physical comfort

Question 34

what is a psychological situation

Answer 34

a person’s combination of potential behavior and their value to that person

Question 35

what is an internal locus of control

Answer 35

belief that outcomes are the result of one’s own action

Question 36

what is an external locus of control

Answer 36

belief that outcomes are outside of our control

Question 37

what is self-system

Answer 37

cognitive process by which one perceives evaluates, and regulates own behavior so its functionally efficient

Question 38

what is the central role of Bandura’s theory

Answer 38

human agency - the capacity of a person to exercise control over their actions and internal thoughts and motivations

Question 39

what is observational (vicarious) learning

Answer 39

learning gained by watching others

Question 40

Bobo doll experiments showed that children who observed adults who were aggressive were more likely to be

Answer 40

aggressive

Question 41

what is outcome expectancy according to Bandura

Answer 41

ppl are more likely to imitate behavior when they think it leads to positive outcomes

Question 42

what is modeling

Answer 42

person forms themself in the image of another

Question 43

what are 4 factors that influence modeling

Answer 43

outcome expectancy, characteristics of the model/behavior, and attributes of the observer

Question 44

what is self-regulation

Answer 44

peoples control over their own achievements

Question 45

what is self-efficacy

Answer 45

belief about how competently one will be able to enact a behavior in a particular situation