Chapter 7 - Cognitive Aspects Flashcards
what is gestalt psychology
intellectual movement in Germany that seeks to understand how the brain perceives experiences
what is gestalt?
suggests that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
what are the 3 central principles of gestalt psychology?
- human beings seek meaning in their environment
- we organize sensations we receive into meaningful perceptions
- complex stimuli are not reducible to the sum of their parts
what is field theory?
examines patterns of interaction between the person and the environment
what is life space
all internal and external forces and their relationships with one another
what is contemporaneous causation
the momentary condition of the individual
what is field independence
analytical; allows for more complex levels of problem-solving
what is cognitive complexity
the extent one understands, utilizes and is comfortable with separate elements of entity and how well they can integrate them
cognitive style is
distinct ways of fealing with daily tasks that involve perception ad problem-solving
what is field dependence
more sensitivity to context; looks at the big picture of problems
what is a schema
cognitive structure that organizes knowledge and expectations about one’s environment
-determines how we think and act
what is a script
specifies the roles and actions of all participants
what is a situated social condition
social-cognition processes that change with changes in the situation
what is attention control
we notice environmental factors and combine them with our current goals to determine attention
how is ADHD relevant to personality
it influences how a person interacts with social environmental and influences how others see them
what is rejection sensitivity
the extent of how overly sensitive someone is to cues they are being ignored
what is personal construct theory
people actively try to understand the world and construct their own theories about human behavior
-everyone has their own theory
what is social intelligence
knowledge and skills relevant to interpersonal skills situation
what is emotional intelligence
emotional abilities to deal with other people
what are the 5 components of having emotional intelligence
being self-aware, controlling anger + anxiety, being persistent and optimistic, being empathetic, interacting smoothly
what is emotional knowledge
ability to recognize and interpret emotion in the self and others
what is an explanatory style
characteristic way of interpreting life events
optimistic explanatory style vs pessimism explanatory style (research)
ppl with more optimism are associated with better outcomes;
what is learned helpless
repeated exposure to unavoidable punishment leads to acceptance of avoidable punishment
what is cognitive intervention
teaching people to change their thought process
what is learned optimism
training people to think differently about themselves and situations
what is locus of control
beliefs about one’s ability to affect outcomes
what is outcome extectancy
how strongly we expect our performance will have a positive results
what is reinforcement value
extent of valuation of the expected reward
what is behavior potential
the likelihood of behavior that will be performed in a particular situation
what is specific expectancy vs generalized expectancy
a particular reward applies to a particular situation following a behavior vs relating it to a group of situations
what are secondary reinforcers according to Rotter
the satisfaction of the 6 (primary) psychological needs
what are primary needs according to Rotter
recognition-status, dominance, independence, protection-dependency, love and affection, physical comfort
what is a psychological situation
a person’s combination of potential behavior and their value to that person
what is an internal locus of control
belief that outcomes are the result of one’s own action
what is an external locus of control
belief that outcomes are outside of our control
what is self-system
cognitive process by which one perceives evaluates, and regulates own behavior so its functionally efficient
what is the central role of Bandura’s theory
human agency - the capacity of a person to exercise control over their actions and internal thoughts and motivations
what is observational (vicarious) learning
learning gained by watching others
Bobo doll experiments showed that children who observed adults who were aggressive were more likely to be
aggressive
what is outcome expectancy according to Bandura
ppl are more likely to imitate behavior when they think it leads to positive outcomes
what is modeling
person forms themself in the image of another
what are 4 factors that influence modeling
outcome expectancy, characteristics of the model/behavior, and attributes of the observer
what is self-regulation
peoples control over their own achievements
what is self-efficacy
belief about how competently one will be able to enact a behavior in a particular situation
