Chapter 8-Sport psychology

Question 1

arousal

Answer 1

blend of physiological and psychological activation in an individual and refers to the intensity of motivation at any given moment

Question 2

state anxiety

trait anxiety

Answer 2

actual experience of apprehension and uncontrolled arousal

personality characteristic which represents a latent disposition to perceive situations as threatening

Question 3

Hull’s drive theory

Inverted U theory

Answer 3

proposes that as an individual’s arousal or state anxiety increases, so too does performance

arousal facilitates performance up to an optimal level, beyond which further increases in arousal reduce performance

Question 4

motivation

Answer 4

intensity of mental effort and the focus of that effort

Question 5

intrinsic motivation

extrinsic motivation

Answer 5

internal desire for success, love of the game, internal rewards for participation

external rewards such as social acceptance, trophies, praise

Question 6

achievement motivation

Answer 6

efforts to master a task, achieve excellence, overcome obstacles, and engage in competition or social comparison

Question 7

MAS-motive to achieve success

MAF-motive to avoid failure

Answer 7

desire to feel pride in one’s accomplishments, desire for challenges and opportunities to evaluate abilities

desire to protect ego and self-esteem; want easy challenges and to avoid the shame of failing

Question 8

self-controlled practice

Answer 8

involving the athlete in decisions related to the practice structure including when to receive feedback or which skills to practice

Question 9

operant

Answer 9

target behavior, can be negative/positive

Question 10

positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

Answer 10

increasing the probability of the operant by providing positive feedback/rewards

removing a stimulus the athlete sees as negative

Question 11

positive punishment

negative punishment

Answer 11

giving the athlete undesirable tasks or events to decrease the occurrence of a negative operant

removal of a valued object such as playing time to decrease the negative operant

Question 12

self-confidence

self-efficacy

Answer 12

belief that one can successfully perform a desired behavior

situationally specific form of self-confidence; athlete’s belief they can perform a given task in a specific situation

Question 13

Bandura’s theory of origin of self-efficacy

Answer 13

performance accomplishments–past experiences
vicarious experiences–watching others
verbal persuasion–positive self-talk
imagery–using mental imagery
physiological state–perception of state as helpful/harmful
emotional state–positive mood

Question 14

goal setting

Answer 14

process of setting a challenging standard and working to achieve it; skills related to the goal are developed along the way

Question 15

process goals

outcome goals

Answer 15

athlete has control over them; focus on actions required during performance to execute a skill well

athlete has little control; focus is on the competitive result of an event

Question 16

intrinsic feedback

augmented feedback

Answer 16

provided within the athlete’s body by proprioceptors

provided by coaches/ST; divided into knowledge of results and knowledge of performance

Question 17

knowledge of results

knowledge of performance

Answer 17

feedback provided based on the results of the performance; typical with timed events

feedback provided from the coach, video analysis or from specialized equipment

Question 18

whole practice

part practice

Answer 18

teach movements in their entirety

each segment of a movement is broken down into subcomponents to ensure each segment is taught prior to moving into the movement as a whole

Question 19

explicit instructions

guided discovery

discovery

Answer 19

prescriptive information that gives the athlete the rules for effectively executing the given task

provides the athlete with instructions about the overall movement goal and important prompts for task completion without explicitly telling the athlete what to do

instructs the athlete on the overall goal of the task without any further explicit instructions on how to perform it

Question 20

internal cues

external cues

Answer 20

directions that require the athlete to focus on the movements and feelings in their bodies

directions that require athletes to focus on how performing the movement affects the outcome or the surrounding environment