Chapter 13-Administration, Scoring and Interpretation of Selected Tests Flashcards
Max muscular strength (low speed)
force a muscle/muscle group can exert in one max effort while maintaining proper form
1 RM tests
max strength test of choice due to the fact that no expensive equipment is required and they reflect the kind of dynamic ability necessary in sport
proper warmup with a few sets of the test exercise at a light load
first attempt should be about 50% of estimated 1 RM
rest periods of 1-5 min depending on difficulty
increase amount based on the ease
skilled S&C conditioning should be able to find an athlete’s 1RM within 3-5 attempts
phosphocreatine and ATP are primary energy sources
High speed muscular strength or anaerobic power
ability of muscle tissue to exert high force while contracting at a high speed
Anaerobic power tests
very short duration
performed at maximal movement speeds
produce very high power outputs
includes 1RM of explosive exercises (power clean, snatch, push jerk), vertical jump, time to sprint up a staircase
phosphocreatine and ATP are primary energy staircase
Power output
reflects both force and velocity
Anaerobic capacity
max rate of energy production by the combined phosphagen and anaerobic glycolytic energy sytems for moderate-duration activities.
max power output during muscular activity between 30 and 90 seconds
Local muscular endurance
ability of certain muscle groups to perform repeated contractions against a submaximal resistance
test continuously for several seconds to several minutes
Aerobic capacity (aerobic power)
max rate at which an athlete can produce energy through oxidation of energy sources and expressed as a volume of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute
generally estimated by performance in aerobic performance activities like running 1 mile/more, MAS test or Yo-yo intermittent recovery test
Agility
rapid, whole-body change of direction or speed in response to a sports-specific stimulus
2 main components are speed in changing direction and cognitive factors
T-test, 505 agility or Pro agility tests are examples
Speed
movement distance per unit time and typically quantified as the time taken to cover a fixed distance
handheld timers are up to 0.24 sec faster than electronic
more informative to measure split times to reveal acceleration and speed capacities
proper footwear and a nonslip surface are important
Flexibility
range of motion about a joint
manual and electric goniometers measure joint angle and sit and reach boxes measure flexibility of the lower back and hips
warm-up and static stretching should occur before
no ballistic stretching
Balance
ability to maintain static and dynamic equilibrium or the ability to maintain the body’s center of gravity over its base of support
Stability
measure of the ability to return to a desired position following a disturbance to the system
Body composition
relative proportion by weight of fat and lean tissue
skinfold calipers, DEXA and hydrostatic weighing
Waist circumference
high measurements are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure and certain types of cardiac disease
Anthropometry
science of measurement applied to the human body and includes height, weight and selected body girths
Height
stadiometer is preferred if not,
measure against a flat wall without shoes to the nearest quarter-inch
Weight
certified balance scale is preferred, but a calibrated electronic scale is acceptable
weight athletes in minimal dry clothing
morning after they wake up, after elimination and before ingestion of food or fluids is the best time
Girth measurements
flexible measuring tape with spring-loaded attachment at the end is best
measurements should be taken at the beginning of the training period
Testing conditions
conditions should be as similar as possible for all athletes and from test to retest
tests on the ground should be performed on the same surface
1RM strength tests should be performed with the same type of racks with the supports at the same height
equipment for jumping tests should be consistent
never test after a fatiguing sport activity or workout
normal hydration and nutrition before testing
no supplement use before or during testing
warm-up with general dynamic warm-up exercises and light calisthenics and with a specific warm-up that involves movements similar to those required for the test
familiarization and practice of the tests to be performed by the athletes
difference score
difference between an athlete’s score at the beginning and end of a training period or between two separate testing times
percent change
measuring the degree of improvement between two separate testing results
Statistics
science of collecting, classifying, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data
Descriptive statistics
summarizes or describes a large group of data
Measures of central tendency
mean-average
median-middle number
mode-# that occurs most often
Variability
degree of dispersion of scores within a group
Measures of variability
range-difference between lowest and highest scores
standard deviation-measure of the variability of a set of scores about the mean
z score
used to express the distance of any individual score in SD units from the mean
Percentile rank
percentage of test takers scoring below that individual
Inferential statistics
allows one to draw general conclusions about a population from information collected in a population sample
Magnitude statistics
allows for interpretation of the clinical significance of fitness testing
Smallest worthwhile change
ability of a test to detect the smallest practically important change in performance
Effect size
statistic that can be useful for calculating group performance following a training program or comparing between groups of athletes
Athletic profile
group of test results related to sport-specific abilities that are important for quality performance in a sport or sport position
6 steps for evaluation of athletes
1-select tests that will measure the specific parameters most closely related to the physical characteristics of the sport
2-choose valid and reliable tests to measure these parameters and arrange the testing battery in an appropriate order with sufficient rest between tests to promote test reliability
3-administer the test battery with as many athletes as possible
4-determine the smallest worthwhile change for the tests and compare to normative data where appropriate
5-conduct repeat testing and use results to present a visual profile with figures
6-use the results of the testing in some meaningful way
