Chapter 8 School Age Flashcards
Language-development milestones
(2)
- Shifting sources of language input
2. Metalinguistic Compotence
Language-development milestones:
Shifting sources of language input.
Oral modality- only form of language input before school-age years.
Beginning aroud 8-10 yrs, children shift to gaining more and more of their language input from text, READING
Stages of reaing development:
Prereading stage (3 developments)
(5 stages after this)
0-4 or 5 yrs old some of the most critical developments are oral language print awareness phonological awareness
Stages of reading Developmet:
Stage 1- The Initial reading or Decoding
Stage (3 sub phases)
5-7 yrs old
1st phase: word substitution errors that are
semantically and syntactically
probable.
“the dog is growling” changed to
“the dog is barking.”
2nd phase: word substitution errors that
have a graphic resemblance to
the printed word.
“the dog is growing” changed to
“the dog is green”
3rd phase: word substitution errors that
have a graphic resemblance to
the printed word, but also
substitutions that are
semantically acceptable
“the dog is growling”
“the dog is growing”
Stages of reading Development:
Stage 2- Confirmation, Fluency, and
Ungluing from Print
7-8 yrs old (2nd-3rd grade)
hone decoding skills learned in stage 1
proficient with high frequency words
use redudancies of language in order to gain fluency and speed in reading.
transition from learning to read to Reading to Learn.
fluency (in reading)
reading that is efficient, well paced and free from errors.
ungluing from print
focus less on the print itself and begin to focus more on gaining meaning from text.
Stages of reading Development:
Stage 3- Reading to learn the new-a
first step
9-14 yrs old (4th-8or9th grade)
solidly reading to learn by the end of this stage.
2 district phases:
3A- 9-11 yrs old (grade 4-6) can read
words of typical adult length, but
not at the adult level of reading
difficulty.
3B- 12-14 yrs old (grade 7-8or9) read at
adult level
Stages of reading Development
Stage 4- Multiple Viewpoints-high school
14-18 yrs old
increasingly difficult concepts and texts that describe them.
consider multiple points of view on an issue
builds upon knowledge in Stage 3
Stages of reading Development
Stage 5- Construction and reconstruction-
a world view: college stage
18 yrs old and up read selectivly to suit their purpose which portions of a text to read what to read how much to read what level of detail to achieve comprehension
analysis, synthesis and prediction in order to construct meaning from text
Individual learning styles (highlight/paraphras)
Language Development Milestones:
Metalinguistic Competence
(2) achievements
Ability to think about and analyze language as an object of attention.
This starts in pre-school and increases in school years because many of the activities children engage in draw upon analysis of language.
Types of metalinguistic competence achieved in the school age years:
1- Phonological Awareness
2- Figurative language
Metalinguistic Competence:
Phonological Awareness
sensitivity to sound structure of language.
Starts in preschool.
Later-developing abilities in
phonological awareness -involve awareness of he smallest units of sound (phonemes) and inculue blending sounds, segmenting sounds from words, and manipulation sounds. “Say CAPE without the “C”
segment words into onset-time and their
individual phonemes
Metalinguistic Competence:
Figurativie Language
language that we use in non-literal and often abstract ways.
children must understand that language is an arbitrary code
used to invoke mental images and to sense impressions in others
include: metaphors, similies,hyperbole, idioms, irony/sarcasum, and proverbs.
Metalinguistic Competence:
Figurative Language
Metaphors
“Life IS a jouney”
convey similarity between two objects by stating that those two ideas or objects are the same.
target/topic which compairs another term called the vehical/base
the target/topic and the vehical/base share features, and form the basis of comparison called the ground.
2types of Metaphors
1 predictive medaphors (more common)
one topic and one vehicle.
"All the world's a stage"
world is topic
stage is vehicle
2 proportional metaphors (harder to
understand)
two topics and two vehicles
and expresses n analogical
relationship
"The artist was an apple tree with
no fruit."
the analogy it “apple tree is to fruit as artist is to artwork.” The topics are artist and artwork (implied from the analogy) and the vehicles are the apple tree and fruit.
Metalinguistic competence:
Figurative Language
Similes
contain a topic, vehicle and ground
Make the comparison between the topic and the vehicle explicit by using the word
like, or as
“quite as a mouse”
