Chapter 4 Flashcards
theory
descriptive statement or principle devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena
evidence-based practice (EBP)
involves integrating theoretical knowledge with scientific inquiry (which may include reviewing existing scientific literature) to inform decision-making.
domain specific
dedicated solely to the tasks of comprehending and producing language.
domain general
same processes used in other situations, such as solving problems and perceiving objects and events in the environment.
modality
a theoretical account of how the brain is organized for various cognitive processed.
Domain specific
nurture-inspired theories (empiricist theories)
rest on the notion that humans gain all knowledge through experience
We come as a blank slate
BF Skinner
Behaviorist theory
nature-inspired theories (nativist theories)
much knowledge is innate and Genetically transmitted rather than learned by experience.
Hardwired for language or languages System is in place at birth
Noam Chomsky
Universal grammar
Fodor
Modularity Theory
Bootstrapping theories
interactionist theories
social interacionist
acknowledge that language develops through the interaction between nature-related and nurture-related factors
Vygotsky
Social interactionist theory
Piaget
Cognitive theory
Bloom
Intentionality model
MacWhinney
Competition model
Rumelhart & McClelland
Connectionist theories
Tomasello
Usage based theory
BF Skinner
Behaviorist theory
learning theory
Nurture inspired
**Operant conditioning- behavior is determind by its consiquences. Reinforce behaviors are strengthened while punished behaviors are suppressed.
Reinforcement
- Language is like any other human behavior and does not reflect any special innate endowment.
- Children learn language through oerant conditioning and shaping; some verbal behaviors are reinforces and others suppressed.
- Complex behaviors (speaking in complete sentences) are learned as a series of steps in a chain, in which each step stimulates each successive step.
Chomsky Universal grammar (1965)
Nature inspired
*Language acquisition device- one language
module.
- Children are born with general grammatical rules and categories common to all languages.
- critical period 0-8or9 best time to learn language
Children use input to discover the parameters their language uses t satisfy the general grammatical rules and categories they are born with.
linguistic competence-the implicit knowledge children have about language.
linguistic performance-the actual comprehension and production of language in specific situations
Jerry Fodor Modularity Theory (1983)
Nature inspired
Language is an innate capacity
Localization-the modules composing the language system each operate by using a dedicatednural system.
Encasulation- the processors operate independently of one another.
*Languge is organized in highly specific modules in the brain.
Language modules perform dedicated functions but can interact with one another to produce combinations of functions.
Bootstrapping theories
(peronal effort or withminimal outside assistance)
Nature inspired
*Children use their knowledge of syntactic categories, word meanings, or the prosodic structure of language to make inferences about other aspects of language
Syntactic bootstrapping-the process by which children use the syntactic frames surrounding unknown verbs to successully constrain or limit the possible meanings of the verb.
Semantic bootstrapping-children deduce grammatical structures by using word meanings they acquire from observing events around them. (what order to put words in)
Prosodic bootstrapping- suggests infants use their sensitiity to the acoustic properties of speech ( pitch, rhythm, phrases, and words) make inferences about clauses, phrases and words.
Socail-interactionist theory
Vygotsky
Interactionist
Social plane-all concepts are introduces first in the context of social interaction.
(with people first)
psychological plane-with time, concepts introduced in social interaction are internalized to the psychological plane.
(internalize it)
***zone of proximal development (ZPD)-the difference between the child’s actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving, and his/her level of potential developmet, as determined through problem solving in collaboration with a more competent adult or peer.
This is where learning takes place.
Use this zone when making goals for students
*Language emerges through social interaction with peers and adults. Language skills move from a social plane to a psycholical plane.
Initially, language and cognition are ntertwined processes, but they become separate capabilities by about age 2
Cognitive Theroy
Piaget (1896-1980)
Interactionist
genetic epistemology- the study of the developmet of knowledge
cognition hypothesis-certain cognitive achievements must be in place for language achievements to emerge.
egocentric speech-speech that describes the worldview form only the speaker’s perspective. Self-centered speech. One of the earliest forms of speech; a precursor to true dialogue.
*Children’s cognitive development and interactions with the physical enviornment drive language development. Children’s speech begins as egocentric because children can veiw the world only from their own perspective.
Language is domain-general
Achievements of one stage must occur before I child can move on to the next stage
Intentionality model
Bloom
Interactionist
Intentionality-the theory that children’s development of language form and content is fostered in part by their experience with other people as they use lantuage to engage with these people.
abilities develop in tandum
child is responsible for driving language learning forward
lean language when they must express themselves to share information.
**to acquire language, children must be intentional
*The tension between the desire to communicate intentions to other people and the effort required to communicate these intentions drivew language debelopment.
