Chapter 6 Toddlerhood Flashcards
First words
- composed of meaningful sounds
- symbolic
- arbitrary
Criteria for true words
1. Produce the word with clear intent and
purpose.
2. Recognizable pronunciation
3. Used consistently and extends beyond the
original context.
lexical entries
series of symbols that comprise the word, sound of the word, meaning of the word, and word’s part of speech.
phonetically-consistent forms
PCF’s
idiosyncratic (unusual) word-like productions that children use consistently and meaningfully, but do not approximate adult forms.
“water”–“ahhh”
it has to be consistent sound structure and
used in several contexts rather than to
name a single referent.
referential gesture
used by children beginning to transition from the prelinguistic stage to the one-word stage.
precise referent and stable meaning across different contexts.
example: holding fist to ear to indicate “telephone”
deictic gestures
pointing, showing, giving
gesture-word combination
say “mommy” while pointing to a chair.
she wants mom to sit down
two-gesture combination
point to cup and then point to drink.
Once the toddler begins to use two-word utterances, cease to combine two referential gestures.
customary age of production
the age by which 50% of all children can produce a given soung in multiple positions in word in an adult-like way.
Achievements in Form-Phonology
age of mastery
the age by which the majority of children produce a sound in an adult-laike manner.
Achievements in Form-Phonology
phonological processes
systematic and rule governed speech patterns that characterize toddlers’ speech
including;
1. syllable structure changes
2. assimilation
3. place of articulation changes
4. manner of articulation changes
should be disappearing in pre-school years
syllabe structure changes
changes to syllables in words.
Daddy–Da Da
strong–stong
type of phonological processes
assimulation
change one sound in a syllable so that it takes on the features of another soud in the same syllable.
type of phonological processes
velar assimulation: /d/ dog takes on the
velar sound (produced at the vellum
near the back of the mouth) /g/ that
follows it. Dog becomes gog.
context dependent change: changes to
certain sounds on the basis of influential
neighboring sounds.
place of articulation change
replace a sound that is produced at one location in the mouth with a sound that is produced at a different location in the mouth.
FRONTING- /c/ /g/ normally produced in the back of the mouth replaced by sounds
produced in the front of the mouth. /t/ /d/
“cake” becomes “take”
BACKING- reverse of fronting
type of phonological processes
manner of articulation change
replace a sound produced in a particular manner with a sound produced in a different manner.
/ch/ or /ja/ replaced with /ta/ or /ga/
so chip–tip shirt–dirt
this is called STOPPING
type of phonological processes
affricate sound
consists of a stop sound followed by a fricative sound.
a sound in which the airflow stops temporarily and then passes through a constricted space in the mouth.
ex: The first sound in the word jeep or first and last sound in church.
fricative sound
a sound produced by forcing air through a constricted passage. /s/
Achievments in Morphology
grammatical morphemes
inflections added to words to indicate aspects of grammar.
appear between 18-24 months of after first 50 words.
14 grammatical morphemes
table 6.2
-ing first (18-24 months)
75% accuracy at 28 months- mastered
Achievements in Morphology
overgeneralize
adding -ed to irregular past tense verbs
two-word stage
combining words to make longer utterances
marks true beginning of syntax
commenting, negating, requesting,
questioning
Achievements in Syntax
mean length utterance
MLU
average length, in morphemes of child’s utterances.
Table 6.3 pg172
Brown’s Stages of Language Development-
stages for utterances of varying syntactic
complexity
Achievements in Syntax
